108
K. H. Yang and H. Mao
Fig. 5.2 Anatomical layers between the skull and brain reported by Haines et al. [29]
between the arachnoid and dura, the dural and arachnoid border cells and dura
mater are considered as a single entity in most models. The arachnoid trabeculae
and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resemble a biphasic structure with CSF surrounding
the solid arachnoid trabeculae. Due in part to the irregular distribution of trabeculae
and a lack of computational power, most modellers define the subarachnoid space
as a boundary condition between the skull and brain which will be discussed later.
Using a 2D FE model, Cloots et al. [10] reported that gyri and sulci had no effect
on the mean von Mises stress but had a significant effect on its maximum value.
The head model developed by Miller et al. [69] included gyral folds, and the
authors claimed that this feature is needed for correlations with chronic traumatic
encephalopathy (CTE). Ho and Kleiven [34] demonstrated that the head model with
explicit representation of the sulci could predict high strains that better matched
with DAI compared to the head model without it.
The cerebral ventricular system consists of four interconnected ventricles: the
left and right lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle. CSF occupies
the ventricles and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.
Most models reported so far include the lateral ventricles, while a small number
of finely meshed models also simulate the third and fourth ventricles. Since the
ventricles are filled with CSF, fluid elements are generally used to represent this
structure.
The MRI is one of the most powerful imaging modalities for detection, diagnosis,
and treatment monitoring of TBIs. Under a strong magnetic force, protons within
the water inside the human body would be aligned with the direction of the magnetic
field. Upon stimulations through radiofrequency (RF) current, these protons would
spin away from that direction. By exciting and detecting the changes in the rotational
K. H. Yang and H. Mao
Fig. 5.2 Anatomical layers between the skull and brain reported by Haines et al. [29]
between the arachnoid and dura, the dural and arachnoid border cells and dura
mater are considered as a single entity in most models. The arachnoid trabeculae
and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resemble a biphasic structure with CSF surrounding
the solid arachnoid trabeculae. Due in part to the irregular distribution of trabeculae
and a lack of computational power, most modellers define the subarachnoid space
as a boundary condition between the skull and brain which will be discussed later.
Using a 2D FE model, Cloots et al. [10] reported that gyri and sulci had no effect
on the mean von Mises stress but had a significant effect on its maximum value.
The head model developed by Miller et al. [69] included gyral folds, and the
authors claimed that this feature is needed for correlations with chronic traumatic
encephalopathy (CTE). Ho and Kleiven [34] demonstrated that the head model with
explicit representation of the sulci could predict high strains that better matched
with DAI compared to the head model without it.
The cerebral ventricular system consists of four interconnected ventricles: the
left and right lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle. CSF occupies
the ventricles and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.
Most models reported so far include the lateral ventricles, while a small number
of finely meshed models also simulate the third and fourth ventricles. Since the
ventricles are filled with CSF, fluid elements are generally used to represent this
structure.
The MRI is one of the most powerful imaging modalities for detection, diagnosis,
and treatment monitoring of TBIs. Under a strong magnetic force, protons within
the water inside the human body would be aligned with the direction of the magnetic
field. Upon stimulations through radiofrequency (RF) current, these protons would
spin away from that direction. By exciting and detecting the changes in the rotational