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directive, restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) directive and registration,
evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH) directive
regulations.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are classified into four categories which are photovoltaic (PV) panels, cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal
displays (LCDs) and light-emitting diode (LED) displays, computers and laptops
and cell phones. Photovoltaic panels are a common silicon-based electronic equipment with 65% recycling rate. The recycling process starts with glass and aluminium recovery followed by thermal treatment at 650° C. Another category is liquid
crystal displays and light-emitting diode displays which consume 70% of global
indium production, while its recycling requires manual sorting and separation, solvent extraction and acid leaching, respectively. Additionally, cell phones have the
lowest recycling rate due to the complexity of recycling caused by compact design
and high production rate. Lithium is considered the most valuable recycling material in cell phones and smart batteries. In terms of viable Electronic-waste thermal
treatment, thermal plasma consumes 2 kWh/kg in both pyrometallurgical and
hydrometallurgical recycling processes. It plays an important role in the recovery of
heavy metals such as silver, gold, lead and copper due to high energy density, gas
flux temperature and ionization that increases reactivity.
Keywords Electronic-waste management · Contaminants · Material composition ·
Electronic-waste regulations · Waste generation · Metal recovery · Metallurgical
recycling · Thermoplastics in Electronic-waste · Hazards in electronic recycling ·
Recycling hierarchy
Abbreviations
ABS
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Cd
Cadmium
Cu
Copper
DC
Direct current
ELV
End-of-life vehicles directive
EOL
End-of-life electronics
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency, USA
GDP
Global domestic product
HIPS High impact polystyrene
Ni
Nickel
Pb
Lead
PC
Polycarbonates
PPO
Polyphenylene oxide
REACH Registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals
RF
Radio frequency
M. Aboughaly and H. A. Gabbar
directive, restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) directive and registration,
evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH) directive
regulations.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are classified into four categories which are photovoltaic (PV) panels, cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal
displays (LCDs) and light-emitting diode (LED) displays, computers and laptops
and cell phones. Photovoltaic panels are a common silicon-based electronic equipment with 65% recycling rate. The recycling process starts with glass and aluminium recovery followed by thermal treatment at 650° C. Another category is liquid
crystal displays and light-emitting diode displays which consume 70% of global
indium production, while its recycling requires manual sorting and separation, solvent extraction and acid leaching, respectively. Additionally, cell phones have the
lowest recycling rate due to the complexity of recycling caused by compact design
and high production rate. Lithium is considered the most valuable recycling material in cell phones and smart batteries. In terms of viable Electronic-waste thermal
treatment, thermal plasma consumes 2 kWh/kg in both pyrometallurgical and
hydrometallurgical recycling processes. It plays an important role in the recovery of
heavy metals such as silver, gold, lead and copper due to high energy density, gas
flux temperature and ionization that increases reactivity.
Keywords Electronic-waste management · Contaminants · Material composition ·
Electronic-waste regulations · Waste generation · Metal recovery · Metallurgical
recycling · Thermoplastics in Electronic-waste · Hazards in electronic recycling ·
Recycling hierarchy
Abbreviations
ABS
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Cd
Cadmium
Cu
Copper
DC
Direct current
ELV
End-of-life vehicles directive
EOL
End-of-life electronics
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency, USA
GDP
Global domestic product
HIPS High impact polystyrene
Ni
Nickel
Pb
Lead
PC
Polycarbonates
PPO
Polyphenylene oxide
REACH Registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals
RF
Radio frequency
M. Aboughaly and H. A. Gabbar