205
which are in the economic cooperation and development organization, have a high
demand for electrical and electronic equipment. Three methods are predicted (Lohse
et al. 1998) for the estimation of Electronic-waste, and they are:
• The consumption and use method; it averages the household electrical and electronic equipment for the prediction of quantities of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
• The market supply method, which uses data about sales and production in the
specified region.
For the first two methods, the weight and the lifetime of the electrical and electronic equipment have to be noted, and the third method is Swiss environmental
agency estimates, which determines the saturated position in household, i.e. for one
new appliance, an old one is replaced. This method is not applicable practically as
it is not the case in all households.
The rapid expansion of mobile and broadband networks allows people to access
the Internet in rural areas and areas which are unconnected previously. The heavy
competition in the telecommunication market for mobile brands is a key factor for
a decrease in price in electrical and electronic equipment, and this makes the baseline for the spread of electrical and electronic equipment and the Internet drastically.
A single person owns more than one mobile phone, and many people use various
other electronic gadgets to access internet. Due to the higher speed and upgradation
to the latest technologies, the consumer changes their laptops, personal computers,
television, and other devices regularly. The older equipment is considered outdated,
and people are replacing it when it is not damaged or broken. For example, from
analogue to digital conversion, many televisions were replaced with digital signals,
which lead the way to carbon-ray-tube television invasion (ITU 2015, 2017). The
UN conference on trade and development estimated in 2015:
• The e-commerce global business-to-business goes beyond US$22 trillion, and
business-to-consumer exceeded US$3 trillion.
• It is concluded that 40% of enterprises receive orders using the Internet.
11.2.1 Electronic-Waste Statistics and Measurement
Over the past five decades, there is an increase in the quantity of Electronic-waste
generation in the United States, the European Union, and developing countries like
India and China. As per the US Environmental Protection Agency, each household
uses on an average 34 electronic devices and appliances which results in the generation of 5 × 10
6
tons of Electronic-waste per year. In the European Union, it was
estimated that each citizen generates 15 kg of Electronic-waste per year, which
approximately totals to 7 × 10
6
tons. Electrical and Electronic-waste contributes 8%
of total municipal solid waste. In developing countries, the Electronic-waste generation per capita is around 1 kg per year, and it is found to be increasing rapidly.
Import of Electronic-waste from developed countries also contributes a major
11 Sustainable Electronic-Waste Management: Implications on Environmental…
which are in the economic cooperation and development organization, have a high
demand for electrical and electronic equipment. Three methods are predicted (Lohse
et al. 1998) for the estimation of Electronic-waste, and they are:
• The consumption and use method; it averages the household electrical and electronic equipment for the prediction of quantities of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
• The market supply method, which uses data about sales and production in the
specified region.
For the first two methods, the weight and the lifetime of the electrical and electronic equipment have to be noted, and the third method is Swiss environmental
agency estimates, which determines the saturated position in household, i.e. for one
new appliance, an old one is replaced. This method is not applicable practically as
it is not the case in all households.
The rapid expansion of mobile and broadband networks allows people to access
the Internet in rural areas and areas which are unconnected previously. The heavy
competition in the telecommunication market for mobile brands is a key factor for
a decrease in price in electrical and electronic equipment, and this makes the baseline for the spread of electrical and electronic equipment and the Internet drastically.
A single person owns more than one mobile phone, and many people use various
other electronic gadgets to access internet. Due to the higher speed and upgradation
to the latest technologies, the consumer changes their laptops, personal computers,
television, and other devices regularly. The older equipment is considered outdated,
and people are replacing it when it is not damaged or broken. For example, from
analogue to digital conversion, many televisions were replaced with digital signals,
which lead the way to carbon-ray-tube television invasion (ITU 2015, 2017). The
UN conference on trade and development estimated in 2015:
• The e-commerce global business-to-business goes beyond US$22 trillion, and
business-to-consumer exceeded US$3 trillion.
• It is concluded that 40% of enterprises receive orders using the Internet.
11.2.1 Electronic-Waste Statistics and Measurement
Over the past five decades, there is an increase in the quantity of Electronic-waste
generation in the United States, the European Union, and developing countries like
India and China. As per the US Environmental Protection Agency, each household
uses on an average 34 electronic devices and appliances which results in the generation of 5 × 10
6
tons of Electronic-waste per year. In the European Union, it was
estimated that each citizen generates 15 kg of Electronic-waste per year, which
approximately totals to 7 × 10
6
tons. Electrical and Electronic-waste contributes 8%
of total municipal solid waste. In developing countries, the Electronic-waste generation per capita is around 1 kg per year, and it is found to be increasing rapidly.
Import of Electronic-waste from developed countries also contributes a major
11 Sustainable Electronic-Waste Management: Implications on Environmental…