88
Science. Besides that, the documental research considered studies from organizations
such as the United Nations Environment Programme reports from associations
representing the electronics industry and websites from governments of developing
countries. These documents provided information about statistics, procedures and
legislation related to E-waste.
The analyses of data gathered from papers, reports, statistics and legislation were
analysed through the technique of content analysis, proposed by Bardin (1977), to
identify what the elements have in common to group them into categories defined a
priori and/or posteriori. This technique of analysis is based on three stages: preanalysis, exploration of the material and the treatment of the results composed of
their inferences and interpretations (Bardin 1977). In this chapter, we define the
categories a posteriori.
We present the data related to developing countries following the categorization:
Asian countries (China, India, Russia, Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, Thailand and
Singapore), American countries (Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Mexico) and South
Africa. We do not exhaust research of the countries due to the inexistence of data
and papers published related to some countries.
5.4 Presentation of Results
5.4.1 Practices Related to the Reverse Logistics of E-waste
in Developing Countries
In terms of E-waste generation worldwide, in North America, the United States
leads the ranking with a production of 9.4 million tonnes per year; in Asia, China
leads the ranking generating 7.3 million tonnes per year; in Europe, Germany leads
generating 1.9 million tonnes per year; in South America, Brazil leads generating
1.5 million tonnes per year; in Oceania, Australia leads producing 0.57 million
tonnes per year; and in the African continent, South Africa leads generating
0.34 million tonnes per year (Araujo et al. 2015). Table 5.2 shows the generation of
E-waste in the main developing countries.
Post-consumer electrical and electronic equipment can be reintroduced in the
usage phase of the product life cycle after refurbishing or remanufacturing. In the
end-of-life phase, the product and respective materials are processed to remove or
decontaminate all hazardous compounds, and the safe parts can be recycled or
valuable materials can be recovered (Bakhiyi et al. 2018).
The high cost of proper disposal in developed countries boosts the waste electrical and electronic-waste (E-waste) export to developing countries. The main E-waste
receiving sites are Karachi (Pakistan), Guiyu (China) and Mumbai, Ahmedabad and
Madras (India), whereas Taiwan acts as a redistribution destination for Japan and
South Korea E-waste and Singapore for E-waste originating from North America
and Europe (Imran et al. 2017). The E-waste transboundary movement leads to a
scenario where the responsibilities and impacts are intertwined. According to
P. Guarnieri et al.
Science. Besides that, the documental research considered studies from organizations
such as the United Nations Environment Programme reports from associations
representing the electronics industry and websites from governments of developing
countries. These documents provided information about statistics, procedures and
legislation related to E-waste.
The analyses of data gathered from papers, reports, statistics and legislation were
analysed through the technique of content analysis, proposed by Bardin (1977), to
identify what the elements have in common to group them into categories defined a
priori and/or posteriori. This technique of analysis is based on three stages: preanalysis, exploration of the material and the treatment of the results composed of
their inferences and interpretations (Bardin 1977). In this chapter, we define the
categories a posteriori.
We present the data related to developing countries following the categorization:
Asian countries (China, India, Russia, Pakistan, Turkey, Indonesia, Thailand and
Singapore), American countries (Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Mexico) and South
Africa. We do not exhaust research of the countries due to the inexistence of data
and papers published related to some countries.
5.4 Presentation of Results
5.4.1 Practices Related to the Reverse Logistics of E-waste
in Developing Countries
In terms of E-waste generation worldwide, in North America, the United States
leads the ranking with a production of 9.4 million tonnes per year; in Asia, China
leads the ranking generating 7.3 million tonnes per year; in Europe, Germany leads
generating 1.9 million tonnes per year; in South America, Brazil leads generating
1.5 million tonnes per year; in Oceania, Australia leads producing 0.57 million
tonnes per year; and in the African continent, South Africa leads generating
0.34 million tonnes per year (Araujo et al. 2015). Table 5.2 shows the generation of
E-waste in the main developing countries.
Post-consumer electrical and electronic equipment can be reintroduced in the
usage phase of the product life cycle after refurbishing or remanufacturing. In the
end-of-life phase, the product and respective materials are processed to remove or
decontaminate all hazardous compounds, and the safe parts can be recycled or
valuable materials can be recovered (Bakhiyi et al. 2018).
The high cost of proper disposal in developed countries boosts the waste electrical and electronic-waste (E-waste) export to developing countries. The main E-waste
receiving sites are Karachi (Pakistan), Guiyu (China) and Mumbai, Ahmedabad and
Madras (India), whereas Taiwan acts as a redistribution destination for Japan and
South Korea E-waste and Singapore for E-waste originating from North America
and Europe (Imran et al. 2017). The E-waste transboundary movement leads to a
scenario where the responsibilities and impacts are intertwined. According to
P. Guarnieri et al.