128. L. Tang, X. Yang, L.W. Dobrucki, I. Chaudhury, Q. Yin, C. Yao et al.,
Aptamer-functionalized, ultra-small, monodisperse silica nanoconjugates for targeted
dual-modal imaging of lymph nodes with metastatictTumors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Engl. 51, 12721–12726 (2012)
129. F. Chen, H. Hong, S. Shi, S. Goel, H.F. Valdovinos, R. Hernandez et al., Engineering of
hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for remarkably enhanced tumor active targeting
efficacy. Sci Rep. 4, 5080 (2014)
130. T.M. Shaffer, M.A. Wall, S. Harmsen, V.A. Longo, C.M. Drain, M.F. Kircher et al., Silica
nanoparticles as substrates for chelator-free labeling of oxophilic radioisotopes. Nano Lett.
15, 864–868 (2015)
131. F. Chen, S. Goel, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Luo, R. Hernandez, T.E. Barnhart et al., In vivo
integrity and biological fate of chelator-free zirconium-89-labeled mesoporous silica
nanoparticles. ACS Nano 9, 7950–7959 (2015)
132. L. Tang, J. Cheng, Nonporous silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine application. Nano
Today 8, 290–312 (2013)
133. S. Shi, F. Chen, W. Cai, Biomedical applications of functionalized hollow mesoporous silica
nanoparticles: focusing on molecular imaging. Nanomedicine (London) 8, 2027–2039
(2013)
134. R. Alshehri, A.M. Ilyas, A. Hasan, A. Arnaout, F. Ahmed, A. Memic, Carbon nanotubes in
biomedical applications: factors, mechanisms, and remedies of toxicity. J. Med. Chem. 59,
8149–8167 (2016)
135. W. Yang, P. Thordarson, J.J. Gooding, S.P. Ringer, F. Braet, Carbon nanotubes for
biological and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology 18, 412001 (2007)
136. H. Gong, R. Peng, Z. Liu, Carbon nanotubes for biomedical imaging: the recent advances.
Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 1951–1963 (2013)
137. H. Wang, J. Wang, X. Deng, H. Sun, Z. Shi, Z. Gu et al., Biodistribution of carbon
single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4, 1019–1024 (2004)
138. X. Deng, S. Yang, H. Nie, H. Wang, Y. Liu, A generally adoptable radiotracing method for
tracking carbon nanotubes in animals. Nanotechnology 19, 75101 (2008)
139. L. Lacerda, A. Soundararajan, R. Singh, G. Pastorin, K.T. Al-Jamal, J. Turton et al.,
Dynamic imaging of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube systemic circulation and
urinary vxcretion. Adv. Mater. 20, 225–230 (2008)
140. J. Guo, X. Zhang, Q. Li, W. Li, Biodistribution of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes
in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 34, 579–583 (2007)
141. M.R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J.S. Jaggi, R.D. Finn, P.B. Zanzonico, C. Villa et al.,
PET imaging of soluble yttrium-86-labeled carbon nanotubes in mice. PLoS ONE 2, e907
(2007)
142. Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun et al., In vivo biodistribution and
highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 47–52
(2007)
143. B. Czarny, D. Georgin, F. Berthon, G. Plastow, M. Pinault, G. Patriarche et al., Carbon
nanotube translocation to distant organs after pulmonary exposure: insights from in situ
14
C-radiolabeling and tissue radioimaging. ACS Nano 8, 5715–5724 (2014)
144. M.L. Matson, C.H. Villa, J.S. Ananta, J.J. Law, D.A. Scheinberg, L.J. Wilson,
Encapsulation of alpha-particle-emitting
225
Ac3 + ions within carbon nanotubes. J. Nucl.
Med. 56, 897–900 (2015)
145. B.T. Cisneros, J.J. Law, M.L. Matson, A. Azhdarinia, E.M. Sevick-Muraca, L.J. Wilson,
Stable confinement of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance agents within
carbon nanotubes for bimodal imaging. Nanomedicine (London) 9, 2499–2509 (2014)
146. G. Chen, H. Qiu, P.N. Prasad, X. Chen, Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry,
and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 114, 5161–5214 (2014)
147. F. Auzel, Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem. Rev.
104, 139–173 (2004)
44
C. A. Ferreira et al.
Aptamer-functionalized, ultra-small, monodisperse silica nanoconjugates for targeted
dual-modal imaging of lymph nodes with metastatictTumors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
Engl. 51, 12721–12726 (2012)
129. F. Chen, H. Hong, S. Shi, S. Goel, H.F. Valdovinos, R. Hernandez et al., Engineering of
hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for remarkably enhanced tumor active targeting
efficacy. Sci Rep. 4, 5080 (2014)
130. T.M. Shaffer, M.A. Wall, S. Harmsen, V.A. Longo, C.M. Drain, M.F. Kircher et al., Silica
nanoparticles as substrates for chelator-free labeling of oxophilic radioisotopes. Nano Lett.
15, 864–868 (2015)
131. F. Chen, S. Goel, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Luo, R. Hernandez, T.E. Barnhart et al., In vivo
integrity and biological fate of chelator-free zirconium-89-labeled mesoporous silica
nanoparticles. ACS Nano 9, 7950–7959 (2015)
132. L. Tang, J. Cheng, Nonporous silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine application. Nano
Today 8, 290–312 (2013)
133. S. Shi, F. Chen, W. Cai, Biomedical applications of functionalized hollow mesoporous silica
nanoparticles: focusing on molecular imaging. Nanomedicine (London) 8, 2027–2039
(2013)
134. R. Alshehri, A.M. Ilyas, A. Hasan, A. Arnaout, F. Ahmed, A. Memic, Carbon nanotubes in
biomedical applications: factors, mechanisms, and remedies of toxicity. J. Med. Chem. 59,
8149–8167 (2016)
135. W. Yang, P. Thordarson, J.J. Gooding, S.P. Ringer, F. Braet, Carbon nanotubes for
biological and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology 18, 412001 (2007)
136. H. Gong, R. Peng, Z. Liu, Carbon nanotubes for biomedical imaging: the recent advances.
Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 1951–1963 (2013)
137. H. Wang, J. Wang, X. Deng, H. Sun, Z. Shi, Z. Gu et al., Biodistribution of carbon
single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 4, 1019–1024 (2004)
138. X. Deng, S. Yang, H. Nie, H. Wang, Y. Liu, A generally adoptable radiotracing method for
tracking carbon nanotubes in animals. Nanotechnology 19, 75101 (2008)
139. L. Lacerda, A. Soundararajan, R. Singh, G. Pastorin, K.T. Al-Jamal, J. Turton et al.,
Dynamic imaging of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube systemic circulation and
urinary vxcretion. Adv. Mater. 20, 225–230 (2008)
140. J. Guo, X. Zhang, Q. Li, W. Li, Biodistribution of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes
in mice. Nucl. Med. Biol. 34, 579–583 (2007)
141. M.R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J.S. Jaggi, R.D. Finn, P.B. Zanzonico, C. Villa et al.,
PET imaging of soluble yttrium-86-labeled carbon nanotubes in mice. PLoS ONE 2, e907
(2007)
142. Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun et al., In vivo biodistribution and
highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 47–52
(2007)
143. B. Czarny, D. Georgin, F. Berthon, G. Plastow, M. Pinault, G. Patriarche et al., Carbon
nanotube translocation to distant organs after pulmonary exposure: insights from in situ
14
C-radiolabeling and tissue radioimaging. ACS Nano 8, 5715–5724 (2014)
144. M.L. Matson, C.H. Villa, J.S. Ananta, J.J. Law, D.A. Scheinberg, L.J. Wilson,
Encapsulation of alpha-particle-emitting
225
Ac3 + ions within carbon nanotubes. J. Nucl.
Med. 56, 897–900 (2015)
145. B.T. Cisneros, J.J. Law, M.L. Matson, A. Azhdarinia, E.M. Sevick-Muraca, L.J. Wilson,
Stable confinement of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance agents within
carbon nanotubes for bimodal imaging. Nanomedicine (London) 9, 2499–2509 (2014)
146. G. Chen, H. Qiu, P.N. Prasad, X. Chen, Upconversion nanoparticles: design, nanochemistry,
and applications in theranostics. Chem. Rev. 114, 5161–5214 (2014)
147. F. Auzel, Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem. Rev.
104, 139–173 (2004)
44
C. A. Ferreira et al.