41. D.S. Lee, H.J. Im, Y.S. Lee, Radionanomedicine: widened perspectives of molecular
theragnosis. Nanomedicine 11(4), 795–810 (2015)
42. J. Shi, P.W. Kantoff, R. Wooster, O.C. Farokhzad, Cancer nanomedicine: progress,
challenges and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17(1), 20–37 (2017)
43. C.G. England, H.J. Im, L. Feng, F. Chen, S.A. Graves, R. Hernandez et al., Re-assessing the
enhanced permeability and retention effect in peripheral arterial disease using radiolabeled
long circulating nanoparticles. Biomaterials 100, 101–109 (2016)
44. H.J. Im, C.G. England, L. Feng, S.A. Graves, R. Hernandez, R.J. Nickles et al., Accelerated
blood clearance phenomenon reduces the passive targeting of PEGylated nanoparticles in
peripheral arterial disease. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8(28), 17955–17963 (2016)
45. P.L. Rodriguez, T. Harada, D.A. Christian, D.A. Pantano, R.K. Tsai, D.E. Discher, Minimal
“self” peptides that inhibit phagocytic clearance and enhance delivery of nanoparticles.
Science 339(6122), 971–975 (2013)
46. A. Parodi, N. Quattrocchi, A.L. van de Ven, C. Chiappini, M. Evangelopoulos, J.O. Martinez
et al., Synthetic nanoparticles functionalized with biomimetic leukocyte membranes possess
cell-like functions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(1), 61–68 (2013)
47. S.R.Z. Abdel-Misih, M. Bloomston, Liver anatomy. Surg. Clin. North Am. 90(4), 643–653
(2010)
48. X. Chu, K. Korzekwa, R. Elsby, K. Fenner, A. Galetin, Y. Lai et al., Intracellular drug
concentrations and transporters: measurement, modeling, and implications for the liver. Clin.
Pharmacol. Ther. 94(1), 126–141 (2013)
49. V. Racanelli, B. Rehermann, The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology 43(2 Suppl 1),
S54–S62 (2006)
50. G. Renaud, R.L. Hamilton, R.J. Havel, Hepatic metabolism of colloidal gold-low-density
lipoprotein complexes in the rat: evidence for bulk excretion of lysosomal contents into bile.
Hepatology 9(3), 380–392 (1989)
51. C. Fu, T. Liu, L. Li, H. Liu, D. Chen, F. Tang, The absorption, distribution, excretion and
toxicity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in mice following different exposure routes.
Biomaterials 34(10), 2565–2575 (2013)
52. T. Skajaa, D.P. Cormode, P.A. Jarzyna, A. Delshad, C. Blachford, A. Barazza et al., The
biological properties of iron oxide core high-density lipoprotein in experimental atherosclerosis. Biomaterials 32(1), 206–213 (2011)
53. J.S. Souris, C.H. Lee, S.H. Cheng, C.T. Chen, C.S. Yang, J.A. Ho et al., Surface
charge-mediated rapid hepatobiliary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles.
Biomaterials 31(21), 5564–5574 (2010)
54. R. Kumar, I. Roy, T.Y. Ohulchanskky, L.A. Vathy, E.J. Bergey, M. Sajjad et al., In vivo
biodistribution and clearance studies using multimodal organically modified silica nanoparticles. ACS Nano 4(2), 699–708 (2010)
55. M. Rui, W. Guo, Q. Ding, X. Wei, J. Xu, Y. Xu, Recombinant high-density lipoprotein
nanoparticles containing gadolinium-labeled cholesterol for morphologic and functional
magnetic resonance imaging of the liver. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 3751–3768 (2012)
56. J.W. Bulte, A.H. Schmieder, J. Keupp, S.D. Caruthers, S.A. Wickline, G.M. Lanza, MR
cholangiography demonstrates unsuspected rapid biliary clearance of nanoparticles in rodents:
implications for clinical translation. Nanomedicine 10(7), 1385–1388 (2014)
57. P. Chevallier, A. Walter, A. Garofalo, I. Veksler, J. Lagueux, S. Begin-Colin et al., Tailored
biological retention and efficient clearance of pegylated ultra-small MnO nanoparticles as
positive MRI contrast agents for molecular imaging. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med. 2
(13), 1779–1790 (2014)
58. J. Lu, M. Liong, Z. Li, J.I. Zink, F. Tamanoi, Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and
drug-delivery efficiency of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy in animals.
Small 6(16), 1794–1805 (2010)
59. L. Yang, Y.-C. Lee, M.I. Kim, H.G. Park, Y.S. Huh, Y. Shao et al., Biodistribution and
clearance of aminoclay nanoparticles: implication for in vivo applicability as a tailor-made
drug delivery carrier. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med. 2(43), 7567–7574 (2014)
19 Excretion and Clearance
367
theragnosis. Nanomedicine 11(4), 795–810 (2015)
42. J. Shi, P.W. Kantoff, R. Wooster, O.C. Farokhzad, Cancer nanomedicine: progress,
challenges and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17(1), 20–37 (2017)
43. C.G. England, H.J. Im, L. Feng, F. Chen, S.A. Graves, R. Hernandez et al., Re-assessing the
enhanced permeability and retention effect in peripheral arterial disease using radiolabeled
long circulating nanoparticles. Biomaterials 100, 101–109 (2016)
44. H.J. Im, C.G. England, L. Feng, S.A. Graves, R. Hernandez, R.J. Nickles et al., Accelerated
blood clearance phenomenon reduces the passive targeting of PEGylated nanoparticles in
peripheral arterial disease. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8(28), 17955–17963 (2016)
45. P.L. Rodriguez, T. Harada, D.A. Christian, D.A. Pantano, R.K. Tsai, D.E. Discher, Minimal
“self” peptides that inhibit phagocytic clearance and enhance delivery of nanoparticles.
Science 339(6122), 971–975 (2013)
46. A. Parodi, N. Quattrocchi, A.L. van de Ven, C. Chiappini, M. Evangelopoulos, J.O. Martinez
et al., Synthetic nanoparticles functionalized with biomimetic leukocyte membranes possess
cell-like functions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(1), 61–68 (2013)
47. S.R.Z. Abdel-Misih, M. Bloomston, Liver anatomy. Surg. Clin. North Am. 90(4), 643–653
(2010)
48. X. Chu, K. Korzekwa, R. Elsby, K. Fenner, A. Galetin, Y. Lai et al., Intracellular drug
concentrations and transporters: measurement, modeling, and implications for the liver. Clin.
Pharmacol. Ther. 94(1), 126–141 (2013)
49. V. Racanelli, B. Rehermann, The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology 43(2 Suppl 1),
S54–S62 (2006)
50. G. Renaud, R.L. Hamilton, R.J. Havel, Hepatic metabolism of colloidal gold-low-density
lipoprotein complexes in the rat: evidence for bulk excretion of lysosomal contents into bile.
Hepatology 9(3), 380–392 (1989)
51. C. Fu, T. Liu, L. Li, H. Liu, D. Chen, F. Tang, The absorption, distribution, excretion and
toxicity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in mice following different exposure routes.
Biomaterials 34(10), 2565–2575 (2013)
52. T. Skajaa, D.P. Cormode, P.A. Jarzyna, A. Delshad, C. Blachford, A. Barazza et al., The
biological properties of iron oxide core high-density lipoprotein in experimental atherosclerosis. Biomaterials 32(1), 206–213 (2011)
53. J.S. Souris, C.H. Lee, S.H. Cheng, C.T. Chen, C.S. Yang, J.A. Ho et al., Surface
charge-mediated rapid hepatobiliary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles.
Biomaterials 31(21), 5564–5574 (2010)
54. R. Kumar, I. Roy, T.Y. Ohulchanskky, L.A. Vathy, E.J. Bergey, M. Sajjad et al., In vivo
biodistribution and clearance studies using multimodal organically modified silica nanoparticles. ACS Nano 4(2), 699–708 (2010)
55. M. Rui, W. Guo, Q. Ding, X. Wei, J. Xu, Y. Xu, Recombinant high-density lipoprotein
nanoparticles containing gadolinium-labeled cholesterol for morphologic and functional
magnetic resonance imaging of the liver. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 3751–3768 (2012)
56. J.W. Bulte, A.H. Schmieder, J. Keupp, S.D. Caruthers, S.A. Wickline, G.M. Lanza, MR
cholangiography demonstrates unsuspected rapid biliary clearance of nanoparticles in rodents:
implications for clinical translation. Nanomedicine 10(7), 1385–1388 (2014)
57. P. Chevallier, A. Walter, A. Garofalo, I. Veksler, J. Lagueux, S. Begin-Colin et al., Tailored
biological retention and efficient clearance of pegylated ultra-small MnO nanoparticles as
positive MRI contrast agents for molecular imaging. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med. 2
(13), 1779–1790 (2014)
58. J. Lu, M. Liong, Z. Li, J.I. Zink, F. Tamanoi, Biocompatibility, biodistribution, and
drug-delivery efficiency of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer therapy in animals.
Small 6(16), 1794–1805 (2010)
59. L. Yang, Y.-C. Lee, M.I. Kim, H.G. Park, Y.S. Huh, Y. Shao et al., Biodistribution and
clearance of aminoclay nanoparticles: implication for in vivo applicability as a tailor-made
drug delivery carrier. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med. 2(43), 7567–7574 (2014)
19 Excretion and Clearance
367