52. R. Chakravarty, H.F. Valdovinos, F. Chen, C.M. Lewis, P.A. Ellison, H. Luo et al.,
Intrinsically germanium-69-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and in-vivo
dual-modality PET/MR imaging. Adv. Mater. 26(30), 5119–5123 (2014)
53. F. Chen, P.A. Ellison, C.M. Lewis, H. Hong, Y. Zhang, S. Shi et al., Chelator-free synthesis
of a dual-modality PET/MRI agent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52(50), 13319–13323
(2013)
54. Y. Zhan, F. Ai, F. Chen, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Orbay, H. Sun et al., Intrinsically zirconium-89
labeled Gd2O2S: Eu nanoprobes for in vivo positron emission tomography and
gamma-ray-induced radioluminescence imaging. Small 12(21), 2872–2876 (2016)
55. F. Ai, S. Goel, Y. Zhan, H.F. Valdovinos, F. Chen, T.E. Barnhart et al., Intrinsically
89Zr-labeled Gd2O2S: Eu nanophosphors with high in vivo stability for dual-modality
imaging. Am. J. Transl Res. 8(12), 5591–5600 (2016)
56. C. Xu, S. Shi, L. Feng, F. Chen, S.A. Graves, E.B. Ehlerding et al., Long circulating reduced
graphene oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient tumor targeting and multimodality
imaging. Nanoscale 8(25), 12683–12692 (2016)
57. L. Cheng, A. Kamkaew, H. Sun, D. Jiang, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Gong et al., Dual-modality
positron emission tomography/optical image-guided photodynamic cancer therapy with
chlorin e6-containing nanomicelles. ACS Nano. 10(8), 7721–7730 (2016)
58. L. Cheng, A. Kamkaew, S. Shen, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Sun, R. Hernandez et al., Facile
preparation of multifunctional WS2/WOx nanodots for chelator-free
89 Zr-labeling and in vivo
PET imaging. Small 12(41), 5750–5758 (2016)
59. S. Shi, B.C. Fliss, Z. Gu, Y. Zhu, H. Hong, H.F. Valdovinos et al., Chelator-free labeling of
layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for in vivo PET imaging. Sci. Rep. 5, 16930 (2015)
60. T. Liu, S. Shi, C. Liang, S. Shen, L. Cheng, C. Wang et al., Iron oxide decorated MoS 2
nanosheets with double PEGylation for chelator-free radiolabeling and multimodal imaging
guided photothermal therapy. ACS Nano. 9(1), 950–960 (2015)
61. H. Hong, J. Shi, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, J.W. Engle, R.J. Nickles et al., Cancer-targeted optical
imaging with fluorescent zinc oxide nanowires. Nano Lett. 11(9), 3744–3750 (2011)
62. X. Michalet, F.F. Pinaud, L.A. Bentolila, J.M. Tsay, S. Doose, J.J. Li et al., Quantum dots for
live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307(5709), 538–544 (2005)
63. W.C. Chan, S. Nie, Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection.
Science 281(5385), 2016–2018 (1998)
64. W. Cai, A.R. Hsu, Z.B. Li, X. Chen, Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human
subjects? Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2, 265–281 (2007)
65. X.G. Peng, L. Manna, W.D. Yang, J. Wickham, E. Scher, A. Kadavanich et al., Shape control
of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature 404(6773), 59–61 (2000)
66. J.K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, J.M. Mauro, S.M. Simon, Long-term multiple color imaging of
live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(1), 47–51 (2003)
67. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R.M. Levenson, L.W. Chung, S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging
with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22(8), 969–976 (2004)
68. J.K. Jaiswal, E.R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, S.M. Simon, Use of quantum dots for live cell
imaging. Nat. Methods 1(1), 73–78 (2004)
69. S. Kim, Y.T. Lim, E.G. Soltesz, A.M. De Grand, J. Lee, A. Nakayama et al., Near-infrared
fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol. 22(1),
93–97 (2004)
70. I.L. Medintz, H.T. Uyeda, E.R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for
imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater. 4(6), 435–446 (2005)
71. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, F. Liu, K. Nasr, P. Misra, M.G. Bawendi et al., Design considerations for
tumour-targeted nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(1), 42–47 (2010)
72. W. Cai, D.W. Shin, K. Chen, O. Gheysens, Q. Cao, S.X. Wang et al., Peptide-labeled
near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 6(4),
669–676 (2006)
73. B. Ballou, B.C. Lagerholm, L.A. Ernst, M.P. Bruchez, A.S. Waggoner, Noninvasive imaging
of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug. Chem. 15(1), 79–86 (2004)
17 Size-, Shape- and Charge-Dependent Pharmacokinetics …
327
Intrinsically germanium-69-labeled iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and in-vivo
dual-modality PET/MR imaging. Adv. Mater. 26(30), 5119–5123 (2014)
53. F. Chen, P.A. Ellison, C.M. Lewis, H. Hong, Y. Zhang, S. Shi et al., Chelator-free synthesis
of a dual-modality PET/MRI agent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52(50), 13319–13323
(2013)
54. Y. Zhan, F. Ai, F. Chen, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Orbay, H. Sun et al., Intrinsically zirconium-89
labeled Gd2O2S: Eu nanoprobes for in vivo positron emission tomography and
gamma-ray-induced radioluminescence imaging. Small 12(21), 2872–2876 (2016)
55. F. Ai, S. Goel, Y. Zhan, H.F. Valdovinos, F. Chen, T.E. Barnhart et al., Intrinsically
89Zr-labeled Gd2O2S: Eu nanophosphors with high in vivo stability for dual-modality
imaging. Am. J. Transl Res. 8(12), 5591–5600 (2016)
56. C. Xu, S. Shi, L. Feng, F. Chen, S.A. Graves, E.B. Ehlerding et al., Long circulating reduced
graphene oxide-iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient tumor targeting and multimodality
imaging. Nanoscale 8(25), 12683–12692 (2016)
57. L. Cheng, A. Kamkaew, H. Sun, D. Jiang, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Gong et al., Dual-modality
positron emission tomography/optical image-guided photodynamic cancer therapy with
chlorin e6-containing nanomicelles. ACS Nano. 10(8), 7721–7730 (2016)
58. L. Cheng, A. Kamkaew, S. Shen, H.F. Valdovinos, H. Sun, R. Hernandez et al., Facile
preparation of multifunctional WS2/WOx nanodots for chelator-free
89 Zr-labeling and in vivo
PET imaging. Small 12(41), 5750–5758 (2016)
59. S. Shi, B.C. Fliss, Z. Gu, Y. Zhu, H. Hong, H.F. Valdovinos et al., Chelator-free labeling of
layered double hydroxide nanoparticles for in vivo PET imaging. Sci. Rep. 5, 16930 (2015)
60. T. Liu, S. Shi, C. Liang, S. Shen, L. Cheng, C. Wang et al., Iron oxide decorated MoS 2
nanosheets with double PEGylation for chelator-free radiolabeling and multimodal imaging
guided photothermal therapy. ACS Nano. 9(1), 950–960 (2015)
61. H. Hong, J. Shi, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, J.W. Engle, R.J. Nickles et al., Cancer-targeted optical
imaging with fluorescent zinc oxide nanowires. Nano Lett. 11(9), 3744–3750 (2011)
62. X. Michalet, F.F. Pinaud, L.A. Bentolila, J.M. Tsay, S. Doose, J.J. Li et al., Quantum dots for
live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307(5709), 538–544 (2005)
63. W.C. Chan, S. Nie, Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection.
Science 281(5385), 2016–2018 (1998)
64. W. Cai, A.R. Hsu, Z.B. Li, X. Chen, Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human
subjects? Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2, 265–281 (2007)
65. X.G. Peng, L. Manna, W.D. Yang, J. Wickham, E. Scher, A. Kadavanich et al., Shape control
of CdSe nanocrystals. Nature 404(6773), 59–61 (2000)
66. J.K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, J.M. Mauro, S.M. Simon, Long-term multiple color imaging of
live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(1), 47–51 (2003)
67. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R.M. Levenson, L.W. Chung, S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging
with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22(8), 969–976 (2004)
68. J.K. Jaiswal, E.R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, S.M. Simon, Use of quantum dots for live cell
imaging. Nat. Methods 1(1), 73–78 (2004)
69. S. Kim, Y.T. Lim, E.G. Soltesz, A.M. De Grand, J. Lee, A. Nakayama et al., Near-infrared
fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol. 22(1),
93–97 (2004)
70. I.L. Medintz, H.T. Uyeda, E.R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for
imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater. 4(6), 435–446 (2005)
71. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, F. Liu, K. Nasr, P. Misra, M.G. Bawendi et al., Design considerations for
tumour-targeted nanoparticles. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(1), 42–47 (2010)
72. W. Cai, D.W. Shin, K. Chen, O. Gheysens, Q. Cao, S.X. Wang et al., Peptide-labeled
near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett. 6(4),
669–676 (2006)
73. B. Ballou, B.C. Lagerholm, L.A. Ernst, M.P. Bruchez, A.S. Waggoner, Noninvasive imaging
of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug. Chem. 15(1), 79–86 (2004)
17 Size-, Shape- and Charge-Dependent Pharmacokinetics …
327