assembly of liposome, DOTA could be modified onto DSPC while a fluorescence
dye was attached onto DSPE along with a PD-1 antibody [127], which makes
liposome not only tumor-targeting, but also applicable for both PET and fluorescence imaging. Other metal chelators like NODAGA or DTPA can also be incorporated into DSPE for liposome formation and subsequent labeling with other
radiometals (e.g.
68 Ga or
111 In) [128, 129].
10.3.2.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles, including block copolymer micelles and branched polymeric structures, are widely used as versatile nanomedicine platforms [34, 130].
Their building blocks (dendrimer and block copolymer) are used to form polymeric
nanoparticles via either covalent assembly or supramolecular interactions [131].
The modification of polymeric nanoparticles plays important roles in their physiochemical properties, including their sizes, morphologies, stabilities, biocompatibilities, targeting properties and responsive ability to stimuli [45, 132]. Unlike
liposomes, the modification of polymeric nanoparticles can take place before
(modification on the building blocks) and after (modification on polymeric
nanoparticles themselves) the formation of polymeric nanoparticles [133]. Still, the
modification on the building blocks is more popular in the synthesis of polymeric
nanoparticles.
The building blocks of polymeric micelles are usually amphiphilic and they can
form nanoparticles through self-assembly by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction
in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic core can provide accommodation for lipophilic drugs and the hydrophilic shell impart the nanoparticles with high stability
[134]. By simple incorporation of functional groups to the outer shell, the modified
polymeric micelle can possess some advantages [15, 135]. For example, Hu and
coworkers synthesized core-crosslinked poly (thiolether ester) micelles that could
respond to multiple stimuli (reactive oxygen species (ROS), acidic and reductant
environment) for smart drug delivery [136]. To increase the stability of micelles,
one of the previous studies proposed a concept of unimolecular micelles, in which
targeting ligand (RGD), radiometal chelator (NOTA for
64 Cu) and PEG were all
bound into Boltorn H40 hyperbranched copolymer, for in vivo PET imaging of
breast tumors [137].
Dendrimers- or polyester- (e.g. PLGA) based nanomaterials are another
important polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications [138–140]. The
chemical surface engineering of these nanomaterials have been summarized elsewhere [141–143]. Those surface-engineered radionanomaterials can be used for
detection of atherosclerotic plaque [144], tumor-targeted gene therapy [145], and
detection of ischemia in the living subjects [146].
10 Surface Modification of Radionanomedicine
199
dye was attached onto DSPE along with a PD-1 antibody [127], which makes
liposome not only tumor-targeting, but also applicable for both PET and fluorescence imaging. Other metal chelators like NODAGA or DTPA can also be incorporated into DSPE for liposome formation and subsequent labeling with other
radiometals (e.g.
68 Ga or
111 In) [128, 129].
10.3.2.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles, including block copolymer micelles and branched polymeric structures, are widely used as versatile nanomedicine platforms [34, 130].
Their building blocks (dendrimer and block copolymer) are used to form polymeric
nanoparticles via either covalent assembly or supramolecular interactions [131].
The modification of polymeric nanoparticles plays important roles in their physiochemical properties, including their sizes, morphologies, stabilities, biocompatibilities, targeting properties and responsive ability to stimuli [45, 132]. Unlike
liposomes, the modification of polymeric nanoparticles can take place before
(modification on the building blocks) and after (modification on polymeric
nanoparticles themselves) the formation of polymeric nanoparticles [133]. Still, the
modification on the building blocks is more popular in the synthesis of polymeric
nanoparticles.
The building blocks of polymeric micelles are usually amphiphilic and they can
form nanoparticles through self-assembly by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction
in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic core can provide accommodation for lipophilic drugs and the hydrophilic shell impart the nanoparticles with high stability
[134]. By simple incorporation of functional groups to the outer shell, the modified
polymeric micelle can possess some advantages [15, 135]. For example, Hu and
coworkers synthesized core-crosslinked poly (thiolether ester) micelles that could
respond to multiple stimuli (reactive oxygen species (ROS), acidic and reductant
environment) for smart drug delivery [136]. To increase the stability of micelles,
one of the previous studies proposed a concept of unimolecular micelles, in which
targeting ligand (RGD), radiometal chelator (NOTA for
64 Cu) and PEG were all
bound into Boltorn H40 hyperbranched copolymer, for in vivo PET imaging of
breast tumors [137].
Dendrimers- or polyester- (e.g. PLGA) based nanomaterials are another
important polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications [138–140]. The
chemical surface engineering of these nanomaterials have been summarized elsewhere [141–143]. Those surface-engineered radionanomaterials can be used for
detection of atherosclerotic plaque [144], tumor-targeted gene therapy [145], and
detection of ischemia in the living subjects [146].
10 Surface Modification of Radionanomedicine
199