Unfortunately, at present, the only plant-made vaccine approved is a purified and
injectable Newcastle disease vaccine for poultry produced in tobacco suspension
cells (Rybicki 2010, Table 6). The approval of this veterinary plant-made vaccine
represents a quite important milestone. It should be considered that plant-based
technologies are very suitable for developing veterinary vaccines. Especially in the
Table 4 Recent examples of plant-based vaccine antigens at various stages of clinical trials
(sourced from Loh et al. 2017)
Product/Application
Plant host
Status
Company
(sponsor)
Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB
Malaria transmission
blocking vaccine
N. benthamiana NCT02013687
Phase I (completed in
2015)
FhCMB, USA
PA83-FhCMB
Against anthrax
N. benthamiana NCT02239172
Phase I (completed in
2015)
FhCMB, USA
HAC1
H1N1 seasonal influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01177202
Phase I (completed in
2012)
FhCMB, USA
HAI-05
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01250795
Phase I (completed in
2011)
FhCMB, USA
H1 (VLP)
H1N1 seasonal influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01302990
Phase I (completed in
2011)
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2 seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT01991587
Phases I and II (completed in 2014)
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2, seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT02233816
Phase II
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2, seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT02236052
Phase II
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT00984945
Phase I (completed in
2010)
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01244867
Phase II (completed in
2011)
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01991561
Phase II (completed in
2014)
Medicago,
Canada
H5-VLP + GLA-AF
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01657929
Phase I (completed in
2014)
Medicago
(IDRI), Canada
H7 VLP
H7N9 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT02022163
Phase I (completed in
2014)
Medicago,
Canada
80
S. Massa et al.
injectable Newcastle disease vaccine for poultry produced in tobacco suspension
cells (Rybicki 2010, Table 6). The approval of this veterinary plant-made vaccine
represents a quite important milestone. It should be considered that plant-based
technologies are very suitable for developing veterinary vaccines. Especially in the
Table 4 Recent examples of plant-based vaccine antigens at various stages of clinical trials
(sourced from Loh et al. 2017)
Product/Application
Plant host
Status
Company
(sponsor)
Pfs25 VLP-FhCMB
Malaria transmission
blocking vaccine
N. benthamiana NCT02013687
Phase I (completed in
2015)
FhCMB, USA
PA83-FhCMB
Against anthrax
N. benthamiana NCT02239172
Phase I (completed in
2015)
FhCMB, USA
HAC1
H1N1 seasonal influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01177202
Phase I (completed in
2012)
FhCMB, USA
HAI-05
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01250795
Phase I (completed in
2011)
FhCMB, USA
H1 (VLP)
H1N1 seasonal influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01302990
Phase I (completed in
2011)
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2 seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT01991587
Phases I and II (completed in 2014)
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2, seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT02233816
Phase II
Medicago,
Canada
Quadrivalent VLP
H1N1, H3N2, seasonal
influenza B viruses
N. benthamiana NCT02236052
Phase II
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT00984945
Phase I (completed in
2010)
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01244867
Phase II (completed in
2011)
Medicago,
Canada
H5 VLP
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01991561
Phase II (completed in
2014)
Medicago,
Canada
H5-VLP + GLA-AF
H5N1 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT01657929
Phase I (completed in
2014)
Medicago
(IDRI), Canada
H7 VLP
H7N9 pandemic influenza
virus
N. benthamiana NCT02022163
Phase I (completed in
2014)
Medicago,
Canada
80
S. Massa et al.