conductivity versus mechanical stability, theoretical models should hybridize with
some types of acclimations, such as those proposed by Mäkelä (1999).
Acknowledgements I would like to thank Tony Franceschini for help finding some of the
references and comments on an early draft of the manuscript. I would also like to thank Mélanie
Desrochers of the Center for Forest Research (CEF-CFR) for the preparation of the map illustrated
in Fig. 1. Finally, I would like to also thank the Forest Inventory Branch (Direction des inventaires
forestiers) and the Forest Research Branch (Direction de la recherche forestière) of the Quebec
Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks for the stem analysis database.
References
Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H et al (2010) A global overview of drought and heatinduced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. For Ecol Manag
259:660–684
Arias NS, Scholz FG, Goldstein G, Bucci SJ (2017) The cost of avoiding freezing in stems: tradeoff between xylem resistance to cavitation and supercooling capacity in woody plants. Tree
Physiol 37:1251–1262
Autin J, Gennaretti F, Arseneault D, Bégin Y (2015) Biases in RCS tree ring chronologies due to
sampling heights of trees. Dendrochronologia 36:13–22
Brown HR (2013) The theory of the rise of sap in trees: some historical and conceptual remarks.
Phys Perspect 15:320–358
Bruce D, Curtis RO, Vancoevering C (1968) Development of a system of taper and volume tables
for red alder. For Sci 14:339–350
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical
information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York
Chang X, Zhao W, He Z (2014) Radial pattern of sap flow and response to microclimate and soil
moisture in Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the upper Heihe River basin of arid northwestern China. Agric For Meteorol 187:14–21
Cochard H, Delzon S (2013) Hydraulic failure and repair are not routine in trees. Ann For Sci
70:659–661
Cortini F, Groot A, Filipescu CN (2013) Models of the longitudinal distribution of ring area as a
function of tree and stand attributes for four major Canadian conifers. Ann For Sci 70:637–648
Courbet F (1999) A three-segmented model for the vertical distribution of annual ring area:
application to Cedrus atlantica Manetti. For Ecol Manag 119:177–194
Courbet F, Houllier F (2002) Modelling the profile and internal structure of tree stem. Application
to Cedrus atlantica (Manetti). Ann For Sci 59:63–80
Dean TJ, Baldwin VC (1996) The relationship between Reineke’s stand-density index and physical
stem mechanics. For Ecol Manag 81:25–34
Dean TJ, Long JN (1986) Validity of constant-stress and elastic-instability principles of stem
formation in Pinus contorta and Trifolium pratense. Ann Bot 58:833–840
Dean TJ, Roberts S, Gilmore D et al (2002) An evaluation of the uniform stress hypothesis based on
stem geometry in selected North American conifers. Trees 16:559–568
Deleuze C, Houllier F (2002) A flexible radial increment taper equation derived from a processbased carbon partitioning model. Ann For Sci 59:141–154
Domec JC, Gartner BL (2002) Age-and position-related changes in hydraulic versus mechanical
dysfunction of xylem: inferring the design criteria for Douglas-fir wood structure. Tree Physiol
22:91–104
Domec J-C, Lachenbruch B, Meinzer FC (2006) Bordered pit structure and function determine
spatial patterns of air-seeding thresholds in xylem of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii;
Pinaceae) trees. Am J Bot 93:1588–1600
312
R. Schneider
some types of acclimations, such as those proposed by Mäkelä (1999).
Acknowledgements I would like to thank Tony Franceschini for help finding some of the
references and comments on an early draft of the manuscript. I would also like to thank Mélanie
Desrochers of the Center for Forest Research (CEF-CFR) for the preparation of the map illustrated
in Fig. 1. Finally, I would like to also thank the Forest Inventory Branch (Direction des inventaires
forestiers) and the Forest Research Branch (Direction de la recherche forestière) of the Quebec
Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks for the stem analysis database.
References
Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H et al (2010) A global overview of drought and heatinduced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. For Ecol Manag
259:660–684
Arias NS, Scholz FG, Goldstein G, Bucci SJ (2017) The cost of avoiding freezing in stems: tradeoff between xylem resistance to cavitation and supercooling capacity in woody plants. Tree
Physiol 37:1251–1262
Autin J, Gennaretti F, Arseneault D, Bégin Y (2015) Biases in RCS tree ring chronologies due to
sampling heights of trees. Dendrochronologia 36:13–22
Brown HR (2013) The theory of the rise of sap in trees: some historical and conceptual remarks.
Phys Perspect 15:320–358
Bruce D, Curtis RO, Vancoevering C (1968) Development of a system of taper and volume tables
for red alder. For Sci 14:339–350
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical
information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York
Chang X, Zhao W, He Z (2014) Radial pattern of sap flow and response to microclimate and soil
moisture in Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) in the upper Heihe River basin of arid northwestern China. Agric For Meteorol 187:14–21
Cochard H, Delzon S (2013) Hydraulic failure and repair are not routine in trees. Ann For Sci
70:659–661
Cortini F, Groot A, Filipescu CN (2013) Models of the longitudinal distribution of ring area as a
function of tree and stand attributes for four major Canadian conifers. Ann For Sci 70:637–648
Courbet F (1999) A three-segmented model for the vertical distribution of annual ring area:
application to Cedrus atlantica Manetti. For Ecol Manag 119:177–194
Courbet F, Houllier F (2002) Modelling the profile and internal structure of tree stem. Application
to Cedrus atlantica (Manetti). Ann For Sci 59:63–80
Dean TJ, Baldwin VC (1996) The relationship between Reineke’s stand-density index and physical
stem mechanics. For Ecol Manag 81:25–34
Dean TJ, Long JN (1986) Validity of constant-stress and elastic-instability principles of stem
formation in Pinus contorta and Trifolium pratense. Ann Bot 58:833–840
Dean TJ, Roberts S, Gilmore D et al (2002) An evaluation of the uniform stress hypothesis based on
stem geometry in selected North American conifers. Trees 16:559–568
Deleuze C, Houllier F (2002) A flexible radial increment taper equation derived from a processbased carbon partitioning model. Ann For Sci 59:141–154
Domec JC, Gartner BL (2002) Age-and position-related changes in hydraulic versus mechanical
dysfunction of xylem: inferring the design criteria for Douglas-fir wood structure. Tree Physiol
22:91–104
Domec J-C, Lachenbruch B, Meinzer FC (2006) Bordered pit structure and function determine
spatial patterns of air-seeding thresholds in xylem of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii;
Pinaceae) trees. Am J Bot 93:1588–1600
312
R. Schneider