Thereafter, the spontaneous formation of an organized structure in solution, called
micelles, is observed for higher concentrations in surfactant, in order to minimize the
contact surface between water and lipophilic groups. Beyond this concentration
called critical micelle concentration (CMC), other physicochemical properties
begin to change, such as solubilization. Lipophilic compounds like COCs can then
be trapped within the micelle, which will result in the rise of the apparent solubility
(sum of the free solute dissolved in water and trapped in the micelle) (Jafvert 1994;
Cho and Park 2006; Mao et al. 2015).
Table 6.14 Influence of temperature on constant rate of reaction with ZVI-based systems
Reactant
Pollutant
Temperature
(
C)
k
References
Fisher ZVI (0.091
m² g
À1
)
TCE
10
0.444 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
Su and Puls
(1999)
25
1.102 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
40
2.494 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
55
4.313 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
Master Builder ZVI
(1.164 m² g
À1
)
TCE
10
0.0289 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
25
0.109 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
40
0.156 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
55
0.198 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
Peerless ZVI
(0.699 m² g
À1
)
TCE
10
0.0304 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
25
0.103 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
40
0.198 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
55
0.270 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
Aldrich ZVI
(0.192 m² g
À1
)
TCE
10
0.0016 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
25
0.0032 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
40
0.0063 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
55
0.011 Â 10
À3 L h
À1 m
À2
nZVI
(33.5 Æ 4.2 m² g
À1
)
PCE
15
0.011 h
À1
Lien and
Zhang
(2007)
25
0.023 h
À1
40
0.064 h
À1
50
0.081 h
À1
Pd/Fe nanoparticles
(33.5 Æ 4.2 m² g
À1
)
PCE
5
1.14 h
À1
15
1.23 h
À1
25
2.07 h
À1
40
6.71 h
À1
ZVI powder
(0.1582 m² g
À1
)
γ-HCH
25
0.0125 Æ0.0004 min
À1
Wang et al.
(2009c)
35
0.0146Æ 0.0006 min
À1
45
0.0271 Æ0.0008 min
À1
nZVI (40.3 m² g
À1
)
HCB
5
0.050 h
À1
Shih et al.
(2011b)
25
0.075 h
À1
45
0.12 h
À1
332
R. Rodrigues et al.