In other studies with column experiments, Davis (1995) demonstrated that hot
water flooding (via a temperature increase of 10–55
C) recovered 33% more NAPL
(a mixture of viscous oil and creosote) (Davis 1995). In contrast, O’Carroll and Sleep
(2007) demonstrated during their 2D experiments with LNAPL (uninhibited electric
insulating oil: Voltesso 35) that hot water flooding significantly reduced the remediation duration but did not influence the recovery rate (and therefore, residual
saturation) (O’Carroll and Sleep 2007). The same researchers then modeled hot
water flooding on two types of NAPL (LNAPL: Voltesso 35 and DNAPL: coal tar).
They concluded that thermal enhancement had a beneficial effect on residual
saturations and recovery rate (O’Carroll and Sleep 2009). Kong (2004) also demonstrated during imbibition-drainage experiments that residual coal tar saturations
reduced when temperatures were increased from 22 to 50
C (respectively
Sr NW ¼ 31.4–27.6% in F-70 sand and Sr ¼ 32.8–21.8% in 20–30 mesh Ottawa
sand) (Kong 2004).
In conclusion, it appears that, while it is a promising technique, hot water flooding
is still controversial due to insufficient experience.
3.4.6 Large Diameter Auger Soil Mixing with Steam Injection
This technique combines deep soil mixing (DSM) and steam-enhanced extraction
(SEE), and has been used since the 1990s (de Percin 1991; Kingston et al. 2014). It
Fig. 3.17 Schematic representation of hot water flooding [Adapted from Colombano et al. (2010)]
3 In Situ Thermal Treatments and Enhancements: Theory and Case Study
189
water flooding (via a temperature increase of 10–55
C) recovered 33% more NAPL
(a mixture of viscous oil and creosote) (Davis 1995). In contrast, O’Carroll and Sleep
(2007) demonstrated during their 2D experiments with LNAPL (uninhibited electric
insulating oil: Voltesso 35) that hot water flooding significantly reduced the remediation duration but did not influence the recovery rate (and therefore, residual
saturation) (O’Carroll and Sleep 2007). The same researchers then modeled hot
water flooding on two types of NAPL (LNAPL: Voltesso 35 and DNAPL: coal tar).
They concluded that thermal enhancement had a beneficial effect on residual
saturations and recovery rate (O’Carroll and Sleep 2009). Kong (2004) also demonstrated during imbibition-drainage experiments that residual coal tar saturations
reduced when temperatures were increased from 22 to 50
C (respectively
Sr NW ¼ 31.4–27.6% in F-70 sand and Sr ¼ 32.8–21.8% in 20–30 mesh Ottawa
sand) (Kong 2004).
In conclusion, it appears that, while it is a promising technique, hot water flooding
is still controversial due to insufficient experience.
3.4.6 Large Diameter Auger Soil Mixing with Steam Injection
This technique combines deep soil mixing (DSM) and steam-enhanced extraction
(SEE), and has been used since the 1990s (de Percin 1991; Kingston et al. 2014). It
Fig. 3.17 Schematic representation of hot water flooding [Adapted from Colombano et al. (2010)]
3 In Situ Thermal Treatments and Enhancements: Theory and Case Study
189