Elderly, 202, 203, 205, 208–212, 214
Electricity, 15, 18, 19, 21, 26, 52–54, 57, 173,
197, 198, 206, 223, 231, 232, 237, 258
Employment, 5, 21–22, 24, 57, 65, 85, 87, 88,
94, 95, 99, 101, 106, 113–115, 117–119,
121–125, 139, 148, 182, 198, 222, 262
Energy, 5, 51, 84, 138, 175, 221, 247, 291
Energy ladder, 58
Energy security, 37, 52, 53, 65, 71, 88, 96, 100,
102, 105, 106, 118, 139
Environmental change, 4–6, 9, 11, 24, 192, 193,
346
Estuary, 225
Ethanol, 39, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 63, 70, 71, 84,
100, 102, 124
Evidence-based solutions, 248
F
Fertiliser, 65, 67, 68
Fire, 67, 68, 232, 282, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290,
295–297, 301, 303, 305
Firewood, 51, 56, 202, 232
Fishing, 34, 225, 325–327
Flexible crops, 138, 153
Flood, 29, 38, 119, 191–215, 230
Focus group discussion (FGD), 202–205, 208,
210, 212, 323, 324, 338, 346
Food access, 83, 115, 125
Food availability, 83, 86, 87, 108–110, 112,
119–121
Food prices, 12, 87, 88, 116, 144
Food security, 5, 55, 81, 139, 224, 247, 319
Food stability, 83, 88, 108, 109, 118, 119, 121,
125
Food supplies, 138, 139
Food utilization, 83, 88, 108, 117, 118, 124
Food vs. fuel, 85, 108, 120
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 21, 38, 60, 84,
154, 162–165, 170–180, 182, 183, 257
Foreign investors, 137, 141, 261
Forest-agriculture, 39, 317–347
Forest management, 69, 282, 285, 303–306,
318, 319, 339, 340
Fruit, 95, 284, 322, 326, 327, 334, 339, 340
Fuelwood, 6, 33, 38, 52–57, 62–64, 66, 71, 118,
124, 221, 239, 283, 284, 297, 343
Funding, 5, 6, 9, 17, 19, 23, 27, 29, 60, 66, 89,
99, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 180–182,
238, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 257, 262,
264, 265, 268–272, 302
Fungicide, 323
G
Gender, 5, 14–16, 24, 55, 83, 121, 124, 153,
167, 179, 221, 222, 253, 256, 325
Gender equality, 15, 16, 83, 153, 167, 221
Ghana Oil Palm Plantation Development
Company (GOPDC), 95
Graduate, 39, 248, 251, 262
Grass, 281, 294, 295, 297, 304
Greenhouse gases (GHG), 28, 30, 31, 53,
55–58, 66, 67, 142–146, 222, 291
H
Habitat fragmentation, 305
Hazards, 6, 27–29, 32, 38, 39, 192–194, 202,
211–215, 260, 321
Health, 4, 55, 145, 162, 197, 221, 247, 326
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 246, 247
Holocene, 286, 293
Honey, 284, 339, 340
Human-nature relationship, 321, 323, 325–327,
340, 341, 345, 346
Hunger, 10, 12, 81–83, 86, 88, 96, 97, 119, 123,
124, 163, 214, 223, 237, 253, 304, 319,
345
Hunting, 283, 288, 301, 305, 325–328, 341
I
Incentives, 14, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67, 87, 102, 107,
122, 142, 154, 171, 175, 177–181, 184,
224, 236, 248, 257, 262, 269, 270
Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK),
345–347
Indoor pollution, 53, 55, 57, 222
Industry, 21, 54, 84, 149, 170, 222, 246, 282,
320
Inequalities, 9, 21–24, 253
Infrastructure, 4–6, 9, 11, 13, 15–17, 19–24, 26,
29, 36, 37, 54, 59–61, 63, 87, 94, 95, 99,
101, 116, 123, 124, 139, 163, 170, 171,
173, 175–177, 179–184, 193, 194, 200,
206, 207, 210, 223, 237, 253, 256, 257,
264, 267, 270, 271
Innovation, 22, 68, 123, 170, 194, 223, 247,
318
Institutions, 5, 54, 85, 139, 162, 194, 246, 319
Integrated landscape approach, 55, 62–64, 67,
72
Intellectual property, 253, 260–262, 266, 268,
271
Intended nationally determined contributions
(INDCs), 28, 30, 224
Index
357
Electricity, 15, 18, 19, 21, 26, 52–54, 57, 173,
197, 198, 206, 223, 231, 232, 237, 258
Employment, 5, 21–22, 24, 57, 65, 85, 87, 88,
94, 95, 99, 101, 106, 113–115, 117–119,
121–125, 139, 148, 182, 198, 222, 262
Energy, 5, 51, 84, 138, 175, 221, 247, 291
Energy ladder, 58
Energy security, 37, 52, 53, 65, 71, 88, 96, 100,
102, 105, 106, 118, 139
Environmental change, 4–6, 9, 11, 24, 192, 193,
346
Estuary, 225
Ethanol, 39, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 63, 70, 71, 84,
100, 102, 124
Evidence-based solutions, 248
F
Fertiliser, 65, 67, 68
Fire, 67, 68, 232, 282, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290,
295–297, 301, 303, 305
Firewood, 51, 56, 202, 232
Fishing, 34, 225, 325–327
Flexible crops, 138, 153
Flood, 29, 38, 119, 191–215, 230
Focus group discussion (FGD), 202–205, 208,
210, 212, 323, 324, 338, 346
Food access, 83, 115, 125
Food availability, 83, 86, 87, 108–110, 112,
119–121
Food prices, 12, 87, 88, 116, 144
Food security, 5, 55, 81, 139, 224, 247, 319
Food stability, 83, 88, 108, 109, 118, 119, 121,
125
Food supplies, 138, 139
Food utilization, 83, 88, 108, 117, 118, 124
Food vs. fuel, 85, 108, 120
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 21, 38, 60, 84,
154, 162–165, 170–180, 182, 183, 257
Foreign investors, 137, 141, 261
Forest-agriculture, 39, 317–347
Forest management, 69, 282, 285, 303–306,
318, 319, 339, 340
Fruit, 95, 284, 322, 326, 327, 334, 339, 340
Fuelwood, 6, 33, 38, 52–57, 62–64, 66, 71, 118,
124, 221, 239, 283, 284, 297, 343
Funding, 5, 6, 9, 17, 19, 23, 27, 29, 60, 66, 89,
99, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 180–182,
238, 247, 249, 250, 254, 255, 257, 262,
264, 265, 268–272, 302
Fungicide, 323
G
Gender, 5, 14–16, 24, 55, 83, 121, 124, 153,
167, 179, 221, 222, 253, 256, 325
Gender equality, 15, 16, 83, 153, 167, 221
Ghana Oil Palm Plantation Development
Company (GOPDC), 95
Graduate, 39, 248, 251, 262
Grass, 281, 294, 295, 297, 304
Greenhouse gases (GHG), 28, 30, 31, 53,
55–58, 66, 67, 142–146, 222, 291
H
Habitat fragmentation, 305
Hazards, 6, 27–29, 32, 38, 39, 192–194, 202,
211–215, 260, 321
Health, 4, 55, 145, 162, 197, 221, 247, 326
Higher education institutions (HEIs), 246, 247
Holocene, 286, 293
Honey, 284, 339, 340
Human-nature relationship, 321, 323, 325–327,
340, 341, 345, 346
Hunger, 10, 12, 81–83, 86, 88, 96, 97, 119, 123,
124, 163, 214, 223, 237, 253, 304, 319,
345
Hunting, 283, 288, 301, 305, 325–328, 341
I
Incentives, 14, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67, 87, 102, 107,
122, 142, 154, 171, 175, 177–181, 184,
224, 236, 248, 257, 262, 269, 270
Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK),
345–347
Indoor pollution, 53, 55, 57, 222
Industry, 21, 54, 84, 149, 170, 222, 246, 282,
320
Inequalities, 9, 21–24, 253
Infrastructure, 4–6, 9, 11, 13, 15–17, 19–24, 26,
29, 36, 37, 54, 59–61, 63, 87, 94, 95, 99,
101, 116, 123, 124, 139, 163, 170, 171,
173, 175–177, 179–184, 193, 194, 200,
206, 207, 210, 223, 237, 253, 256, 257,
264, 267, 270, 271
Innovation, 22, 68, 123, 170, 194, 223, 247,
318
Institutions, 5, 54, 85, 139, 162, 194, 246, 319
Integrated landscape approach, 55, 62–64, 67,
72
Intellectual property, 253, 260–262, 266, 268,
271
Intended nationally determined contributions
(INDCs), 28, 30, 224
Index
357