7.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
Primary qualitative and quantitative data were collected in March and April 2013 in
different districts of the Koba region that contain mangrove social–ecological
systems (Sect. 7.2.1). Quantitative and qualitative information from household
surveys is used to elicit the actual fuelwood procurement practices and energy use
patterns (Sects. 7.3.2–7.3.4). In particular, we conducted 220 surveys, with randomly selected households within five study groups that represent the main local
livelihood options intersecting with mangrove forests (Sect. 7.2.1). In particular, the
survey captured information regarding the fuelwood procurement and energy use
patterns (Sects. 7.3.2–7.3.4). The survey data are analysed through crosstab statistics
and one-way ANOVA tests. The Crosstabs procedure employs two-way and multiway tables and provides various tests and measures of association for two-way
tables.
Qualitative information was collected through expert interviews and field observations. This information is used to both complement/triangulate the household
survey and understand the access mechanisms and possible effects of fuelwood
procurement and consumption from mangrove and upland forests (Sect. 7.3.1).
Expert interviews were conducted in the local language with forest-user groups
and other local stakeholders. The interviews were first translated into French and
then subsequently transcribed into English. The English transcripts were coded for
key themes and sub-themes to establish the fuelwood procurement patterns and
access mechanisms in the coastal mangroves and upland forests.
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Fuelwood Access Regimes
Generally speaking, in the study area, fuelwood is sourced from both mangroves and
upland forests. It is harvested either by household members or by professional/
commercial loggers. Access to (and interaction with) these forests differs according
to the type of livelihood activity. Loggers extract timber products such as poles and
chopped wood from the mangrove forest for sale to construction operators, fish
processors and fuelwood traders (Sect. 7.3.2). Salt producers using traditional
techniques (TSP) harvest directly wood from the upland forest to prepare and
condition the brine before extracting the salt (Sect. 7.2.1). Traditional (TMR) and
improved (IMR) mangrove rice producers also contribute to mangrove forest logging, either through direct demand for fuelwood or land clearing (i.e. mangrove
forest conversion to rice paddies) (Sect. 7.2.1). Overall, we identify two different
fuelwood access regimes that have been implemented historically and are currently
operational in the study area.
The first regime entails zero restriction or ban on accessing the mangrove forest
for wood. This regime is still operational in some areas, while it has been partly
7 Linking Rural Livelihoods and Fuelwood Demand from Mangroves and Upland. . .
229
Primary qualitative and quantitative data were collected in March and April 2013 in
different districts of the Koba region that contain mangrove social–ecological
systems (Sect. 7.2.1). Quantitative and qualitative information from household
surveys is used to elicit the actual fuelwood procurement practices and energy use
patterns (Sects. 7.3.2–7.3.4). In particular, we conducted 220 surveys, with randomly selected households within five study groups that represent the main local
livelihood options intersecting with mangrove forests (Sect. 7.2.1). In particular, the
survey captured information regarding the fuelwood procurement and energy use
patterns (Sects. 7.3.2–7.3.4). The survey data are analysed through crosstab statistics
and one-way ANOVA tests. The Crosstabs procedure employs two-way and multiway tables and provides various tests and measures of association for two-way
tables.
Qualitative information was collected through expert interviews and field observations. This information is used to both complement/triangulate the household
survey and understand the access mechanisms and possible effects of fuelwood
procurement and consumption from mangrove and upland forests (Sect. 7.3.1).
Expert interviews were conducted in the local language with forest-user groups
and other local stakeholders. The interviews were first translated into French and
then subsequently transcribed into English. The English transcripts were coded for
key themes and sub-themes to establish the fuelwood procurement patterns and
access mechanisms in the coastal mangroves and upland forests.
7.3 Results
7.3.1 Fuelwood Access Regimes
Generally speaking, in the study area, fuelwood is sourced from both mangroves and
upland forests. It is harvested either by household members or by professional/
commercial loggers. Access to (and interaction with) these forests differs according
to the type of livelihood activity. Loggers extract timber products such as poles and
chopped wood from the mangrove forest for sale to construction operators, fish
processors and fuelwood traders (Sect. 7.3.2). Salt producers using traditional
techniques (TSP) harvest directly wood from the upland forest to prepare and
condition the brine before extracting the salt (Sect. 7.2.1). Traditional (TMR) and
improved (IMR) mangrove rice producers also contribute to mangrove forest logging, either through direct demand for fuelwood or land clearing (i.e. mangrove
forest conversion to rice paddies) (Sect. 7.2.1). Overall, we identify two different
fuelwood access regimes that have been implemented historically and are currently
operational in the study area.
The first regime entails zero restriction or ban on accessing the mangrove forest
for wood. This regime is still operational in some areas, while it has been partly
7 Linking Rural Livelihoods and Fuelwood Demand from Mangroves and Upland. . .
229