78
H. A. Tajarudin et al.
the year 2030, which roughly translates to a target of 60 billion gallons per year
on a British thermal unit-adjusted basis (Himmel et al. 2007). European Union has
developed a vision in which one-fourth of the EU’s transportation fuels will be
derived from biofuels by 2030. How to achieve, possible? Biomass has the potential
to simultaneously meet the nation’s needs for liquid transportation fuel and for food,
feed, and fiber provided that we develop more advanced technologies and make
certain land-use changes that would not require more net.
9 Conclusion
It was clearly could be seen that around the campus had plenty of sources of waste
which could be fully utilized then as sources for the second generation of bioethanol.
Green campus objective could be achieved by transforming all the wastes to become
a value-added product bioethanol. It looks at potential waste feedstock such as grass,
municipal solid waste, and agricultural residue that are readily found in the campus.
It is clear from this review that the second-generation sources for bioethanol have an
important role in achieving environmental improvement in the campus.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS)(203/PTEKIND/6711373) and Research University Individual
(RUI)(1001/PTEKIND/811262) from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.
References
Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., & Negro, M. J. (2010). Pretreatment technologies for
an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource
Technology, 101(13), 4851–4861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093.
Arapoglou, D., Varzakas, T., Vlyssides, A., & Israilides, C. (2010). Ethanol production from potato
peel waste (PPW). Waste Management, 30(10), 1898–1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.
2010.04.017.
Balat, M. (2011). Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical
pathway: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2), 858–875. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.enconman.2010.08.013.
Brethauer, S., & Wyman, C. E. (2010). Review: Continuous hydrolysis and fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 101(13), 4862–4874. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.biortech.2009.11.009.
Costello, C., Birisci, E., & McGarvey, R. G. (2016). Food waste in campus dining operations:
Inventory of pre- and post-consumer mass by food category, and estimation of embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 31(3), 191–201. https://doi.org/
10.1017/S1742170515000071.
De Souza Liberal, A. T., Basílio, A. C. M., Do Monte Resende, A., Brasileiro, B. T. V., Da SilvaFilho, E. A., De Morais, J. O. F., et al. (2007). Identification of Dekkera bruxellensis as a major
contaminant yeast in continuous fuel ethanol fermentation. Journal of Applied Microbiology,
102(2), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03082.x.
H. A. Tajarudin et al.
the year 2030, which roughly translates to a target of 60 billion gallons per year
on a British thermal unit-adjusted basis (Himmel et al. 2007). European Union has
developed a vision in which one-fourth of the EU’s transportation fuels will be
derived from biofuels by 2030. How to achieve, possible? Biomass has the potential
to simultaneously meet the nation’s needs for liquid transportation fuel and for food,
feed, and fiber provided that we develop more advanced technologies and make
certain land-use changes that would not require more net.
9 Conclusion
It was clearly could be seen that around the campus had plenty of sources of waste
which could be fully utilized then as sources for the second generation of bioethanol.
Green campus objective could be achieved by transforming all the wastes to become
a value-added product bioethanol. It looks at potential waste feedstock such as grass,
municipal solid waste, and agricultural residue that are readily found in the campus.
It is clear from this review that the second-generation sources for bioethanol have an
important role in achieving environmental improvement in the campus.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS)(203/PTEKIND/6711373) and Research University Individual
(RUI)(1001/PTEKIND/811262) from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.
References
Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., & Negro, M. J. (2010). Pretreatment technologies for
an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource
Technology, 101(13), 4851–4861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093.
Arapoglou, D., Varzakas, T., Vlyssides, A., & Israilides, C. (2010). Ethanol production from potato
peel waste (PPW). Waste Management, 30(10), 1898–1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.
2010.04.017.
Balat, M. (2011). Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical
pathway: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 52(2), 858–875. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.enconman.2010.08.013.
Brethauer, S., & Wyman, C. E. (2010). Review: Continuous hydrolysis and fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 101(13), 4862–4874. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.biortech.2009.11.009.
Costello, C., Birisci, E., & McGarvey, R. G. (2016). Food waste in campus dining operations:
Inventory of pre- and post-consumer mass by food category, and estimation of embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 31(3), 191–201. https://doi.org/
10.1017/S1742170515000071.
De Souza Liberal, A. T., Basílio, A. C. M., Do Monte Resende, A., Brasileiro, B. T. V., Da SilvaFilho, E. A., De Morais, J. O. F., et al. (2007). Identification of Dekkera bruxellensis as a major
contaminant yeast in continuous fuel ethanol fermentation. Journal of Applied Microbiology,
102(2), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03082.x.