222
A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
Biomass
Organic
matter
Bacterial
Oxidation
Microalgal
photosynthesis
C
O
Light
Fig. 1 Principle of photosynthetic oxygenation in BOD removal process
ganisms is not limited to treat the sewage or wastewater, but they generate valuable
by-products as well. For instance, oleaginous bacteria including yeast, algae, fungi,
and bacteria could accumulate lipid to 20% of their dry weight (Huang et al. 2017).
However, there is concern regarding the relationship of the microorganisms with
its new biotic and abiotic environments, in terms of survival, activity, and migration
can be decisive in the outcome of any bioaugmentation strategy and in order to overcome this problem, there is an increasing focus of research to use microorganisms
from the same ecological niche as the polluted area such as using microalgae (El
Fantroussi and Agathos 2005). The application of microalgae in treatment and recycling wastewater has attracted a great deal of interest because of excessive biomass
generation at cheaper cost without extra input of nutrients because wastewater contains sufficient nutrients that are required for the growth of microalgae (Kothari et al.
2013).
Microalgae is species of algae in the size of micron and scattered density (Zhuang
et al. 2018). Conventionally, before microalgae being introduced, algae has long
being used in facultative pond for nutrients removal (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus).
The photosynthetic of algae species in facultative ponds affected by the sunlight
intensity and during peak algal activity, carbonate and bicarbonate ion will react to
provide carbon dioxide for the algae leaving hydroxyls ion in excess subsequently
provide basic conditions (pH > 9) that will kill the fecal coliform.
Figure 1 shows the biological pathway of contaminants removal by using microalgae. Microalgae will consume the contaminants in the sewage and release oxygen
as the by-product. In the same time, heterotrophic bacteria will use the oxygen to
make their own food. Sewage is used as a medium to culture microalgae without any
additional sources and cleans the sewage for reuse or recycling purpose which is the
reason it is an eco-friendly and resource saving.
The most tolerant eight genera were found to be Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Nitzschia, Navicula, and Stigeoclonium. Algae
are broadly classified as Rhodophyta (red algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and
Chlorophyta (green algae) and classified by size as macroalgae or microalgae.
A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
Biomass
Organic
matter
Bacterial
Oxidation
Microalgal
photosynthesis
C
O
Light
Fig. 1 Principle of photosynthetic oxygenation in BOD removal process
ganisms is not limited to treat the sewage or wastewater, but they generate valuable
by-products as well. For instance, oleaginous bacteria including yeast, algae, fungi,
and bacteria could accumulate lipid to 20% of their dry weight (Huang et al. 2017).
However, there is concern regarding the relationship of the microorganisms with
its new biotic and abiotic environments, in terms of survival, activity, and migration
can be decisive in the outcome of any bioaugmentation strategy and in order to overcome this problem, there is an increasing focus of research to use microorganisms
from the same ecological niche as the polluted area such as using microalgae (El
Fantroussi and Agathos 2005). The application of microalgae in treatment and recycling wastewater has attracted a great deal of interest because of excessive biomass
generation at cheaper cost without extra input of nutrients because wastewater contains sufficient nutrients that are required for the growth of microalgae (Kothari et al.
2013).
Microalgae is species of algae in the size of micron and scattered density (Zhuang
et al. 2018). Conventionally, before microalgae being introduced, algae has long
being used in facultative pond for nutrients removal (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus).
The photosynthetic of algae species in facultative ponds affected by the sunlight
intensity and during peak algal activity, carbonate and bicarbonate ion will react to
provide carbon dioxide for the algae leaving hydroxyls ion in excess subsequently
provide basic conditions (pH > 9) that will kill the fecal coliform.
Figure 1 shows the biological pathway of contaminants removal by using microalgae. Microalgae will consume the contaminants in the sewage and release oxygen
as the by-product. In the same time, heterotrophic bacteria will use the oxygen to
make their own food. Sewage is used as a medium to culture microalgae without any
additional sources and cleans the sewage for reuse or recycling purpose which is the
reason it is an eco-friendly and resource saving.
The most tolerant eight genera were found to be Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Nitzschia, Navicula, and Stigeoclonium. Algae
are broadly classified as Rhodophyta (red algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae), and
Chlorophyta (green algae) and classified by size as macroalgae or microalgae.