Sewage Treatment in Campus for Recycling Purpose: A Review
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coagulant should be selected to reduce the cost as well as time. However, based on
Cirelli et al. (2012), the constituents of campus sewage constantly vary seasonally
and diurnally, which will render problems in selection of optimum dosage and types
of coagulant to be used in coagulation.
3.1.3 Biological Treatment
Bioaugmentation
Bioaugmentation is a type of bioremediations or biological treatment of adding
selected strains or mixed cultures into sewage in stabilization ponds or enclosed
(tubular, flat plate) systems to improve the catabolism of specific contaminants compounds that will result in a clean treated water (Herrero and Stuckey 2015). Bioaugmentation can be applied not only in wastewater but also soil, sediments, and sludge
(Cyco´ n et al. 2017). It has not been reviewed in a number of years until recently which
is due to the rapid of knowledge development such as ecogonomics (the application of
genomics to ecological and environmental science as well as other molecular methods) are providing an enormous source of information for monitoring, detection,
quantification, and characterization of microorganisms has opened up the possibility
of exploring bioaugmentation extensively (El Fantroussi and Agathos 2005).
Microorganisms communities are identified that had the ability to colonize such
harsh niches with desired catabolic traits and provided an opportunity to develop
specialized inocula that could be exploited by bioaugmentation (Van Der Gast et al.
2003). Bioaugmentation cannot be explained on the basis of single free energy chemical equation due to the combination of roles of microbial consortia present in the
sewage or wastewater (Herrero and Stuckey 2015).
The effectiveness of this technique relies on the active microorganisms that carry
out the process and its synergy with the exist microorganisms inside the wastewater.
This is because specific target contaminant (or mixture of compounds) can only be
degraded by a very specific mixture of microorganisms (a consortium) harboring
the key metabolic pathways and cooperating in a synergistic way (El Fantroussi and
Agathos 2005). Also, effective bioaugmentation strategies should achieve a quick
diminution in toxicity to the microbial community present which in turn may help
to select “cooperators” for treating complicated wastewater by synergism (Wang
et al. 2009). For instance, it was proven that heterotrophic bacteria not only decompose plant and animal organic matter but also promote plant growth by complex
communication mechanisms and nutrient exchange (Philippot et al. 2013).
There are many bioaugmentation options that have been proven useful ranging
from the use of commercial products, culture collections, and indigenous or exogenous strain/s or tailor-made consortia (Herrero and Stuckey 2015). There are many
microorganisms such as bacteria that have been used for bioaugmentation in wastewater and sewage treatment namely photosynthetic bacteria (Talaiekhozani and Rezania
2017), anaerobic bacteria (Cyprowski et al. 2018), cyanobacteria (Cuellar-Bermudez
et al. 2017), and oleaginous bacteria (Huang et al. 2017). The application of microor-
221
coagulant should be selected to reduce the cost as well as time. However, based on
Cirelli et al. (2012), the constituents of campus sewage constantly vary seasonally
and diurnally, which will render problems in selection of optimum dosage and types
of coagulant to be used in coagulation.
3.1.3 Biological Treatment
Bioaugmentation
Bioaugmentation is a type of bioremediations or biological treatment of adding
selected strains or mixed cultures into sewage in stabilization ponds or enclosed
(tubular, flat plate) systems to improve the catabolism of specific contaminants compounds that will result in a clean treated water (Herrero and Stuckey 2015). Bioaugmentation can be applied not only in wastewater but also soil, sediments, and sludge
(Cyco´ n et al. 2017). It has not been reviewed in a number of years until recently which
is due to the rapid of knowledge development such as ecogonomics (the application of
genomics to ecological and environmental science as well as other molecular methods) are providing an enormous source of information for monitoring, detection,
quantification, and characterization of microorganisms has opened up the possibility
of exploring bioaugmentation extensively (El Fantroussi and Agathos 2005).
Microorganisms communities are identified that had the ability to colonize such
harsh niches with desired catabolic traits and provided an opportunity to develop
specialized inocula that could be exploited by bioaugmentation (Van Der Gast et al.
2003). Bioaugmentation cannot be explained on the basis of single free energy chemical equation due to the combination of roles of microbial consortia present in the
sewage or wastewater (Herrero and Stuckey 2015).
The effectiveness of this technique relies on the active microorganisms that carry
out the process and its synergy with the exist microorganisms inside the wastewater.
This is because specific target contaminant (or mixture of compounds) can only be
degraded by a very specific mixture of microorganisms (a consortium) harboring
the key metabolic pathways and cooperating in a synergistic way (El Fantroussi and
Agathos 2005). Also, effective bioaugmentation strategies should achieve a quick
diminution in toxicity to the microbial community present which in turn may help
to select “cooperators” for treating complicated wastewater by synergism (Wang
et al. 2009). For instance, it was proven that heterotrophic bacteria not only decompose plant and animal organic matter but also promote plant growth by complex
communication mechanisms and nutrient exchange (Philippot et al. 2013).
There are many bioaugmentation options that have been proven useful ranging
from the use of commercial products, culture collections, and indigenous or exogenous strain/s or tailor-made consortia (Herrero and Stuckey 2015). There are many
microorganisms such as bacteria that have been used for bioaugmentation in wastewater and sewage treatment namely photosynthetic bacteria (Talaiekhozani and Rezania
2017), anaerobic bacteria (Cyprowski et al. 2018), cyanobacteria (Cuellar-Bermudez
et al. 2017), and oleaginous bacteria (Huang et al. 2017). The application of microor-