Sewage Treatment in Campus for Recycling Purpose: A Review
213
only that, the concern over the spreadable diseases in the river basin due to the overloaded of untreated wastewater has raised an awareness on treating the wastewater
extensively for better domestic health (Salgot et al. 2018). Conventionally, wastewater has been treated physically, chemically, and biologically (Metcalf and Eddy 2003).
The advantages and disadvantages of these conventional methods are summarized
in Table 3.
3.1 Sewage Treatments in Campus
Nowadays, many universities and institutes have been built around the world and
there are increments of intakes as the education level has been improved worldwide.
Hence, the sewage volume that is generated by the university or campus has also
increased. This has attracted the focus of research to treat campus sewage as well
as recycle or reuse the water in order to compensate the treatment cost, provide
sustainable campus environment, and reduce the consumption of clean and fresh
water.
Based on the review, the sewage treatments that have been done in campus can be
divided into four categories which are physical, chemical, biological, and combined
systems. Physical sewage treatments in campus are adsorption and filtration. Chemical sewage treatments in campus are coagulation–flocculation. Biological treatments
that have been used in campus are phytoremediation and bioaugmentation. Besides
these three, combined sewage treatment systems have also been used to treat campus
sewage. Sewage treatments in university and campuses are summarized in Table 4.
3.1.1 Physical Treatments
Adsorption
Generally, adsorption is a process of diffusion of solute (adsorbate) from the bulk
solution into the pore of the adsorbents. Physical adsorption or Van der Waals adsorption usually occurs between adsorbed molecules and the solid internal pore structure
or surface and it is readily reversible (Geankoplis 2003). Adsorption is one of the
effective methods to remove the soluble contaminants in most wastewater. Adsorption
is being used as the posttreatment after biological treatment to treat wastewater such
as leachate that contains soluble organic components that mostly non-biodegradable
(Azreen and Zahrim 2018). Also, it is considered as a better process due to its convenience, ease of operation and simplicity of design (Bhatnagar et al. 2015).
Recently, few materials have been used in adsorption treatment for campus sewage
such as banana peel (Al-Asheh et al. 2013), oil palm shell or coconut shell (Syafiuddin
et al. 2018), and fly ash (Li et al. 2016). The properties of adsorbents materials are
highly affected by the type of precursors such as source of materials and methods
of preparations. Moreover, the effectiveness of adsorbents during adsorption process
213
only that, the concern over the spreadable diseases in the river basin due to the overloaded of untreated wastewater has raised an awareness on treating the wastewater
extensively for better domestic health (Salgot et al. 2018). Conventionally, wastewater has been treated physically, chemically, and biologically (Metcalf and Eddy 2003).
The advantages and disadvantages of these conventional methods are summarized
in Table 3.
3.1 Sewage Treatments in Campus
Nowadays, many universities and institutes have been built around the world and
there are increments of intakes as the education level has been improved worldwide.
Hence, the sewage volume that is generated by the university or campus has also
increased. This has attracted the focus of research to treat campus sewage as well
as recycle or reuse the water in order to compensate the treatment cost, provide
sustainable campus environment, and reduce the consumption of clean and fresh
water.
Based on the review, the sewage treatments that have been done in campus can be
divided into four categories which are physical, chemical, biological, and combined
systems. Physical sewage treatments in campus are adsorption and filtration. Chemical sewage treatments in campus are coagulation–flocculation. Biological treatments
that have been used in campus are phytoremediation and bioaugmentation. Besides
these three, combined sewage treatment systems have also been used to treat campus
sewage. Sewage treatments in university and campuses are summarized in Table 4.
3.1.1 Physical Treatments
Adsorption
Generally, adsorption is a process of diffusion of solute (adsorbate) from the bulk
solution into the pore of the adsorbents. Physical adsorption or Van der Waals adsorption usually occurs between adsorbed molecules and the solid internal pore structure
or surface and it is readily reversible (Geankoplis 2003). Adsorption is one of the
effective methods to remove the soluble contaminants in most wastewater. Adsorption
is being used as the posttreatment after biological treatment to treat wastewater such
as leachate that contains soluble organic components that mostly non-biodegradable
(Azreen and Zahrim 2018). Also, it is considered as a better process due to its convenience, ease of operation and simplicity of design (Bhatnagar et al. 2015).
Recently, few materials have been used in adsorption treatment for campus sewage
such as banana peel (Al-Asheh et al. 2013), oil palm shell or coconut shell (Syafiuddin
et al. 2018), and fly ash (Li et al. 2016). The properties of adsorbents materials are
highly affected by the type of precursors such as source of materials and methods
of preparations. Moreover, the effectiveness of adsorbents during adsorption process