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A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
volume generated daily. According to US EPA (1992), water recycling is reusing
treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and replenishing a groundwater basin
(referred to as groundwater recharge). The term water recycling is generally used
synonymously with water reclamation and water reuse (US EPA 1992). Nie et al.
(2017) have reported that campus sewage contains low metal contents and pollutants
which makes it suitable for recycle and reuse purposes. However, the awareness and
lack of information on how to treat and recycle campus sewage effectively compared
to municipal sewage have impeded the process (Gao et al. 2015). There are many
feasible methods for campus sewage treatment at a cost-effective method with lower
retention time to provide an efficient sewage management. The treated water from
campus sewage can be reused as a supplementary water source for irrigation, wetland, aquaculture, toilet flushing, etc. However, prior to recycle, treated water from
sewage must follow certain guidelines such as EPA based on the level of human
exposure since recycle water can be detrimental to human health if it is not properly treated. Objectively, the recycle and reuse of sewage can provide a greener and
sustainable campus environment.
2 Campus Sewage Characteristic
Sewage is wastewater that contains contaminants mainly from human excreta (i.e.,
feces and urine) that transferred from source to the discharge point via a pipe or
sewer. The sewage characteristics may vary from one place to another as it is highly
influenced by the origin of the sewage. The origin of the sewage can vary based on
criteria such as the original composition sewage supply and nature of residential or
communities that contribute to the sewage volume (Rahman et al. 2016). In a campus,
the common societies include academics staffs, students as well as research facilities
who are the main contributors to the sewage volume (Gao et al. 2015).
Sewage characteristics can be explained based on parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, pH, etc. Sewage characteristics in a few campuses and universities are
tabulated in Table 2. As shown, the characteristics of sewage generated from campuses sewage have BOD not higher than ~600 mg/L and COD is not higher than
~700 mg/L. The BOD level is in the range of 18–526.4 mg/L. As compared to
domestic raw sewage, BOD of sewage campus is much higher; 150–450 mg/L (Benvenuti et al. 2018). The COD value for campus sewage is in the range of 54–660 mg/L
which is much lower compared to domestic sewage that can reach up to 1104.0 mg/L
as reported by Su et al. (2012). The pH of sewage from all the campus is in the range
of 6–8.3 which is the general level of pH in common sewage. Total Suspended Solid
(TSS) is in the range of 6–695.8 mg/L.
Total phosphorus (TP) is in the range of 3.1–11.8 mg/L which is higher than
phosphorus in domestic wastewaters that is in the range of 6–10 mg/L which can
A. Z. Yaser and N. N. Safie
volume generated daily. According to US EPA (1992), water recycling is reusing
treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, and replenishing a groundwater basin
(referred to as groundwater recharge). The term water recycling is generally used
synonymously with water reclamation and water reuse (US EPA 1992). Nie et al.
(2017) have reported that campus sewage contains low metal contents and pollutants
which makes it suitable for recycle and reuse purposes. However, the awareness and
lack of information on how to treat and recycle campus sewage effectively compared
to municipal sewage have impeded the process (Gao et al. 2015). There are many
feasible methods for campus sewage treatment at a cost-effective method with lower
retention time to provide an efficient sewage management. The treated water from
campus sewage can be reused as a supplementary water source for irrigation, wetland, aquaculture, toilet flushing, etc. However, prior to recycle, treated water from
sewage must follow certain guidelines such as EPA based on the level of human
exposure since recycle water can be detrimental to human health if it is not properly treated. Objectively, the recycle and reuse of sewage can provide a greener and
sustainable campus environment.
2 Campus Sewage Characteristic
Sewage is wastewater that contains contaminants mainly from human excreta (i.e.,
feces and urine) that transferred from source to the discharge point via a pipe or
sewer. The sewage characteristics may vary from one place to another as it is highly
influenced by the origin of the sewage. The origin of the sewage can vary based on
criteria such as the original composition sewage supply and nature of residential or
communities that contribute to the sewage volume (Rahman et al. 2016). In a campus,
the common societies include academics staffs, students as well as research facilities
who are the main contributors to the sewage volume (Gao et al. 2015).
Sewage characteristics can be explained based on parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, pH, etc. Sewage characteristics in a few campuses and universities are
tabulated in Table 2. As shown, the characteristics of sewage generated from campuses sewage have BOD not higher than ~600 mg/L and COD is not higher than
~700 mg/L. The BOD level is in the range of 18–526.4 mg/L. As compared to
domestic raw sewage, BOD of sewage campus is much higher; 150–450 mg/L (Benvenuti et al. 2018). The COD value for campus sewage is in the range of 54–660 mg/L
which is much lower compared to domestic sewage that can reach up to 1104.0 mg/L
as reported by Su et al. (2012). The pH of sewage from all the campus is in the range
of 6–8.3 which is the general level of pH in common sewage. Total Suspended Solid
(TSS) is in the range of 6–695.8 mg/L.
Total phosphorus (TP) is in the range of 3.1–11.8 mg/L which is higher than
phosphorus in domestic wastewaters that is in the range of 6–10 mg/L which can