Characterization of University Residential and Canteen …
197
Table 1 Types and locations
of solid waste sampling
Location of solid waste
sampling
Type of
source
Location ID
University Condo apartment
1
Residential
UCA
Rimbunan Hijau apartment
Residential
RHA
University apartment 1
Residential
UA
Kampung Bontoi Tamparuli
Residential
BT
Faculty of Engineering
canteen
Commercial
FKJ
Avoidable waste is organic food wastes such as meat and fish, plus vegetable and
fruit leftovers. In this work, only “avoidable” waste was used for composting.
During sampling in the residential areas, the collected waste was approximately
10–12 kg per house and this is in accordance with the figure of nearly 2 kg waste
generated per individual per day with 4.8 people per household (Jusoh et al. 2013).
2.2 Composting Preparation and Design Setup
In this study, the waste samples prepared for composting were divided according
to the two main methods (windrow and vermicomposting) as illustrated previously
in Fig. 2 and detailed in Table 2. First, food waste samples from UCA, RHA, and
UA were used to evaluate the performance difference between open-air composting
(windrow), and vermicomposting are referred to with sample IDs C-1, V-1, and V-2.
Red worms (Eisenia Fetida) are used for both in V-1 and V-2 with added BOPS
(V-2). Burnt Oil Palm Shell (BOPS) is an agricultural waste product, gentler to
the environment than activated or coal-based product that may improve compost
moisture and control odor.
The second method uses waste vegetable and fruit waste of from FKJ and BT to
study the influence of the two types of composting worms, the red worm (Eisenia
Fetida) and the blue worm (Perionyx Excavatus). The types of compost and food
waste source are summarized in Table 2. The layout of the composting bin is illustrated in Fig. 3a for the open-air system and (b) for vermicomposting. Each bin was
stacked on a short bin in order to collect residual liquid. It is noted here that the
bedding material and food waste was used for nitrogen materials and soil for carbon
content in order to improve the C-to-N ratio of the composting system.
197
Table 1 Types and locations
of solid waste sampling
Location of solid waste
sampling
Type of
source
Location ID
University Condo apartment
1
Residential
UCA
Rimbunan Hijau apartment
Residential
RHA
University apartment 1
Residential
UA
Kampung Bontoi Tamparuli
Residential
BT
Faculty of Engineering
canteen
Commercial
FKJ
Avoidable waste is organic food wastes such as meat and fish, plus vegetable and
fruit leftovers. In this work, only “avoidable” waste was used for composting.
During sampling in the residential areas, the collected waste was approximately
10–12 kg per house and this is in accordance with the figure of nearly 2 kg waste
generated per individual per day with 4.8 people per household (Jusoh et al. 2013).
2.2 Composting Preparation and Design Setup
In this study, the waste samples prepared for composting were divided according
to the two main methods (windrow and vermicomposting) as illustrated previously
in Fig. 2 and detailed in Table 2. First, food waste samples from UCA, RHA, and
UA were used to evaluate the performance difference between open-air composting
(windrow), and vermicomposting are referred to with sample IDs C-1, V-1, and V-2.
Red worms (Eisenia Fetida) are used for both in V-1 and V-2 with added BOPS
(V-2). Burnt Oil Palm Shell (BOPS) is an agricultural waste product, gentler to
the environment than activated or coal-based product that may improve compost
moisture and control odor.
The second method uses waste vegetable and fruit waste of from FKJ and BT to
study the influence of the two types of composting worms, the red worm (Eisenia
Fetida) and the blue worm (Perionyx Excavatus). The types of compost and food
waste source are summarized in Table 2. The layout of the composting bin is illustrated in Fig. 3a for the open-air system and (b) for vermicomposting. Each bin was
stacked on a short bin in order to collect residual liquid. It is noted here that the
bedding material and food waste was used for nitrogen materials and soil for carbon
content in order to improve the C-to-N ratio of the composting system.