• Drones: “A drone. . .is an unmanned aircraft” (Rouse et al. 2018), also known as
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UASes), or “flying
robots” (Rouse et al. 2018).
• 5G, i.e., the fifth generation of wireless systems with network speeds of 20G/bps
4
or higher which is scheduled to be made commercially available in 2020 will
support billions of wireless devices (Rouse and Haughn 2018a; SDXCentral
2018; Burrell 2018).
• The Internet of Things (IoT): “. . .the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive
data” (Oxford Dictionary 2018a), describing “. . .a world where just about anything can be connected and communicate . . .” (Techopedia 2018a).
• LED light bulbs: “An LED light bulb is a solid-state lighting (SSL) device that fits
in standard screw-in connections but uses LEDs (light-emitting diodes) to produce light..." (Rouse and Haughn 2018b), providing “. . .an efficiency gain of up
to 80% over incandescent bulbs” (Rouse and Haughn 2018b). LED lights make
Smart Cities colorful by a broad range of color possibilities (Rouse and
Haughn 2018b; Techterms 2018).
• Robots: machines resembling living creatures “. . .in being capable of moving
independently (as by walking or rolling on wheels) and performing complex
actions (such as grasping and moving objects). . .” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2018).
• Sensors: instruments reacting to “. . .certain physical conditions or impressions
such as heat or light . . . used to provide information” (Collins Dictionary 2018).
• Smart Grid: “. . .an electricity network based on digital technology. . .used to
supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication” (Techopedia
2018b), facilitating control, monitoring, analysis, and communication inside the
supply chain in favor of higher efficiency, reduction in energy consumption and
thus cost, and optimal reliability and transparency “. . .of the energy supply chain”
(Techopedia 2018b).
• Smart meters: A smart meter is “...a vital component in the realisation of the smart
energy grid” (SMS-PLC 2017), “. . .an electrical meter that records consumption
in intervals of an hour or less and communications [sic] that information at least
daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes” (Wachsman 2013),
facilitating two-way communication between the meter and the central system,
gathering data for remote reporting via fixed wired connections or wirelessly
(Wikipedia 2018a).
• Wearable devices
5 : “A wearable device is a technology. . .worn on the human
body” (Techopedia 2018c) involving “. . .sensor technologies that can collect and
deliver information about their surroundings” (Techopedia 2018c). Wearable
technology is able to connect to the Internet, enabling data exchange between a
4 Up to 100 times faster than current 4G technology which is already 10 times faster than 3G (Burrell
2018)
5 Also known as “wearable gadgets. . .or simply wearables”.
13 The Role of Smart Cities for the Realization of. . .
219
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aircraft systems (UASes), or “flying
robots” (Rouse et al. 2018).
• 5G, i.e., the fifth generation of wireless systems with network speeds of 20G/bps
4
or higher which is scheduled to be made commercially available in 2020 will
support billions of wireless devices (Rouse and Haughn 2018a; SDXCentral
2018; Burrell 2018).
• The Internet of Things (IoT): “. . .the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive
data” (Oxford Dictionary 2018a), describing “. . .a world where just about anything can be connected and communicate . . .” (Techopedia 2018a).
• LED light bulbs: “An LED light bulb is a solid-state lighting (SSL) device that fits
in standard screw-in connections but uses LEDs (light-emitting diodes) to produce light..." (Rouse and Haughn 2018b), providing “. . .an efficiency gain of up
to 80% over incandescent bulbs” (Rouse and Haughn 2018b). LED lights make
Smart Cities colorful by a broad range of color possibilities (Rouse and
Haughn 2018b; Techterms 2018).
• Robots: machines resembling living creatures “. . .in being capable of moving
independently (as by walking or rolling on wheels) and performing complex
actions (such as grasping and moving objects). . .” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2018).
• Sensors: instruments reacting to “. . .certain physical conditions or impressions
such as heat or light . . . used to provide information” (Collins Dictionary 2018).
• Smart Grid: “. . .an electricity network based on digital technology. . .used to
supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication” (Techopedia
2018b), facilitating control, monitoring, analysis, and communication inside the
supply chain in favor of higher efficiency, reduction in energy consumption and
thus cost, and optimal reliability and transparency “. . .of the energy supply chain”
(Techopedia 2018b).
• Smart meters: A smart meter is “...a vital component in the realisation of the smart
energy grid” (SMS-PLC 2017), “. . .an electrical meter that records consumption
in intervals of an hour or less and communications [sic] that information at least
daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes” (Wachsman 2013),
facilitating two-way communication between the meter and the central system,
gathering data for remote reporting via fixed wired connections or wirelessly
(Wikipedia 2018a).
• Wearable devices
5 : “A wearable device is a technology. . .worn on the human
body” (Techopedia 2018c) involving “. . .sensor technologies that can collect and
deliver information about their surroundings” (Techopedia 2018c). Wearable
technology is able to connect to the Internet, enabling data exchange between a
4 Up to 100 times faster than current 4G technology which is already 10 times faster than 3G (Burrell
2018)
5 Also known as “wearable gadgets. . .or simply wearables”.
13 The Role of Smart Cities for the Realization of. . .
219