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distributed in both marine and freshwater environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 71
(1):480–486. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.1.480-486.2005
Simmonds P, Adams MJ, Benkő M, Breitbart M, Brister JR, Carstens EB et al (2017) Consensus
statement: virus taxonomy in the age of metagenomics. Nat Rev Microbiol 15(3):161–168
Stone R (2002) Is live smallpox lurking in the Arctic? Science 295(5562):2002. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.295.5562.2002
Strouhal E (1996) Traces of a smallpox epidemic in the family of Ramesses V of the Egyptian 20th
dynasty. Anthropologie 3:315–319. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44601512
Sullivan MB, Weitz JS, Wilhelm S (2017) Viral ecology comes of age. Environ Microbiol Rep 9
(1):33–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12504
Suttle CA (2005) Viruses in the sea. Nature 437(7057):356–361
Szathmáry E (2015) Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112
(33):10104–10111. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421398112
Temple R (2007) The prehistory of panspermia: astrophysical or metaphysical? Int J Astrobiology 6
(2):169–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1473550407003692
Villarreal LP (1999) DNA virus contribution to host evolution. In origin and evolution of viruses.
Academic Press, San Diego, pp 391–420
Villarreal L (2012) Viruses and host evolution: virus-mediated self-identity. In: Self and nonself.
Springer, New York, NY, pp 185–217
Villarreal LP (2016) Viruses and the placenta: the essential virus first view. APMIS 124
(1–2):20–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12485
Waldron D (2015) Microbial ecology: sorting out viral dark matter. Nat Rev Microbiol 13(9):526
Wickramasinghe JT, Wickramasinghe NC, Napier WM (2010) Comets and the origin of life. World
Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812814005_0009
Wickramasinghe C, Smith WE (2014) Convergence to panspermia. Hypothesis 12(1):e9. https://
doi.org/10.5779/hypothesis.v12i1.358
Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Rønn R, Brand TB, Barnes I, Wiuf C, Gilichinsky D, Mitchell D, Cooper
A (2004) Long-term persistence of bacterial DNA. Curr Biol 14(1):R9–R10
Wolf YI, Kazlauskas D, Iranzo J, Lucía-Sanz A, Kuhn JH, Krupovic M, Koonin, EV (2018) Origins
and evolution of the global RNA virome. MBio 9(6)
Zhang YZ, Shi M, Holmes EC (2018) Using metagenomics to characterize an expanding
virosphere. Cell 172(6):1168–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.043
Zimorski V, Ku C, Martin WF, Gould SB (2014) Endosymbiotic theory for organelle origins. Curr
Opin Microbiol 22:38–48
626
A. Lauer