References
Abergel C, Legendre M, Claverie JM (2015) The rapidly expanding universe of giant viruses:
Mimivirus, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and Mollivirus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39(6):779–796
Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R (2019) Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine
intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 196(2):157–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13295
Baltimore D (1971) Expression of animal virus genomes. Bacteriol Rev 35(3):235–241. https://doi.
org/10.1128/MMBR.35.3.235-241.1971
Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Rapp BA, Wheeler DL (2000) GenBank.
Nucleic Acids Res 28(1):15–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.15
Blanc G, Ogata H, Robert C, Audic S, Suhre K, Vestris G et al (2007) Reductive genome evolution
from the mother of rickettsia. PLoS Genet 3(1):e14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.
0030014
Boonham N, Kreuze J, Winter S, van der Vlugt R, Bergervoet J, Tomlinson J, Mumford R (2014)
Methods in virus diagnostics: from ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus Res 186:20–31
Boyer M, Madoui MA, Gimenez G, La Scola B, Raoult D (2010) Phylogenetic and phyletic studies
of informational genes in genomes highlight existence of a 4th domain of life including giant
viruses. PLoS One 5(12):e15530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530
Brook EJ, Kurz MD, Curtice J, Cowburn S (2000) Accretion of interplanetary dust in polar ice.
Geophys Res Lett 27(19):3145–3148
Cano RJ, Borucki MK (1995) Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25-to 40-millionyear-old Dominican amber. Science 268(5213):1060–1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
7538699
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020a) New and underused vaccines. Available
at: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/immunization/sis/vacs_detail.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020b) Statistics and Maps. Eastern equine encphalitis
virus neuroinvasive disease casses reported by year 2010-2019, CDC 24/7: Saving Lives,
Protecting People, available at: https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html
Chyba CF (1987) The cometary contribution to the oceans of primitive earth. Nature 330
(6149):632–635
Colson P, La Scola B, Levasseur A, Caetano-Anolles G, Raoult D (2017) Mimivirus: leading the
way in the discovery of giant viruses of amoebae. Nat Rev Microbiol 15(4):243
Cornish-Bowden A, Cárdenas ML (2017) Life before LUCA. J Theor Biol 434:68–74
Darroch SA, Smith EF, Laflamme M, Erwin DH (2018) Ediacaran extinction and Cambrian
explosion. Trends Ecol Evol 33(9):653–663
Dasgupta P, Raven P, McIvor, A. (Eds.). (2019) Biological extinction: new perspectives.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Davies RE (1988) Panspermia: unlikely, unsupported, but just possible. Acta Astronaut 17
(1):129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(88)90136-1
de La Torre R, Sancho LG, Horneck G, de los Ríos A, Wierzchos J, Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS,
Rettberg PBT, de Vera JP, Ott S (2010) Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space
conditions–results of the Lithopanspermia experiments. Icarus 208(2):735–748. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.010
Di Giulio M (2019) The universal ancestor, the deeper nodes of the tree of life, and the fundamental
types of primary cells (cellular domains). J Theor Biol 460:142–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jtbi.2018.10.020
Diemer GS, Stedman KM (2012) A novel virus genome discovered in an extreme environment
suggests recombination between unrelated groups of RNA and DNA viruses. Biol Direct 7
(1):13. http://www.biology-direct.com/content/7/1/13
Ding B (2010) Viroids: self-replicating, mobile, and fast-evolving noncoding regulatory RNAs.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev: RNA 1(3):362–375
Dun K (2019) Ovine abortion—causes and diagnosis. Livestock 24(1):44–50. https://doi.org/10.
12968/live.2019.24.1.44
28 Viruses, Underestimated Drivers of Ecology and Evolution of Life
623
Abergel C, Legendre M, Claverie JM (2015) The rapidly expanding universe of giant viruses:
Mimivirus, Pandoravirus, Pithovirus and Mollivirus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39(6):779–796
Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R (2019) Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine
intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 196(2):157–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13295
Baltimore D (1971) Expression of animal virus genomes. Bacteriol Rev 35(3):235–241. https://doi.
org/10.1128/MMBR.35.3.235-241.1971
Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Rapp BA, Wheeler DL (2000) GenBank.
Nucleic Acids Res 28(1):15–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.15
Blanc G, Ogata H, Robert C, Audic S, Suhre K, Vestris G et al (2007) Reductive genome evolution
from the mother of rickettsia. PLoS Genet 3(1):e14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.
0030014
Boonham N, Kreuze J, Winter S, van der Vlugt R, Bergervoet J, Tomlinson J, Mumford R (2014)
Methods in virus diagnostics: from ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus Res 186:20–31
Boyer M, Madoui MA, Gimenez G, La Scola B, Raoult D (2010) Phylogenetic and phyletic studies
of informational genes in genomes highlight existence of a 4th domain of life including giant
viruses. PLoS One 5(12):e15530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015530
Brook EJ, Kurz MD, Curtice J, Cowburn S (2000) Accretion of interplanetary dust in polar ice.
Geophys Res Lett 27(19):3145–3148
Cano RJ, Borucki MK (1995) Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25-to 40-millionyear-old Dominican amber. Science 268(5213):1060–1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
7538699
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020a) New and underused vaccines. Available
at: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/immunization/sis/vacs_detail.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020b) Statistics and Maps. Eastern equine encphalitis
virus neuroinvasive disease casses reported by year 2010-2019, CDC 24/7: Saving Lives,
Protecting People, available at: https://www.cdc.gov/easternequineencephalitis/tech/epi.html
Chyba CF (1987) The cometary contribution to the oceans of primitive earth. Nature 330
(6149):632–635
Colson P, La Scola B, Levasseur A, Caetano-Anolles G, Raoult D (2017) Mimivirus: leading the
way in the discovery of giant viruses of amoebae. Nat Rev Microbiol 15(4):243
Cornish-Bowden A, Cárdenas ML (2017) Life before LUCA. J Theor Biol 434:68–74
Darroch SA, Smith EF, Laflamme M, Erwin DH (2018) Ediacaran extinction and Cambrian
explosion. Trends Ecol Evol 33(9):653–663
Dasgupta P, Raven P, McIvor, A. (Eds.). (2019) Biological extinction: new perspectives.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Davies RE (1988) Panspermia: unlikely, unsupported, but just possible. Acta Astronaut 17
(1):129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(88)90136-1
de La Torre R, Sancho LG, Horneck G, de los Ríos A, Wierzchos J, Olsson-Francis K, Cockell CS,
Rettberg PBT, de Vera JP, Ott S (2010) Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space
conditions–results of the Lithopanspermia experiments. Icarus 208(2):735–748. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.010
Di Giulio M (2019) The universal ancestor, the deeper nodes of the tree of life, and the fundamental
types of primary cells (cellular domains). J Theor Biol 460:142–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jtbi.2018.10.020
Diemer GS, Stedman KM (2012) A novel virus genome discovered in an extreme environment
suggests recombination between unrelated groups of RNA and DNA viruses. Biol Direct 7
(1):13. http://www.biology-direct.com/content/7/1/13
Ding B (2010) Viroids: self-replicating, mobile, and fast-evolving noncoding regulatory RNAs.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev: RNA 1(3):362–375
Dun K (2019) Ovine abortion—causes and diagnosis. Livestock 24(1):44–50. https://doi.org/10.
12968/live.2019.24.1.44
28 Viruses, Underestimated Drivers of Ecology and Evolution of Life
623