Table 22.1 (continued)
HMs Crop
Phytotoxic effects
a
References
Brassica nigra
(Mustard),
Pisum sativum (Pea)
Oryza sativa (Rice)
• Stimulation of antioxidant enzymes
• Increased accumulation of stressresponsive amino acids
Dave et al.
(2013)
Oryza sativa (Rice)
• Reduced seed germination
• Stunted root-shoot growth
• Inhibition of root formation at higher
concentration
Shri et al. (2009)
Zea mays (Maize)
• Proteomic alteration
• Disruption of normal cellular function
Requejo and
Tena (2006)
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
(Mung bean)
• Reduced growth, leaf gas exchange,
water potential
• Decreased protein and chlorophyll
content
• Root-shoot significantly reduced
• Increased peroxidase activity and lipid
peroxidation
Stoeva et al.
(2005)
Cd
Pisum sativum (Pea)
• Reduced root-shoot length
• Decreased fresh, dry weight, biomass
• Increased proline, glycine betaine and
soluble proteins, sugar content decreased
• Chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’, carotenoid content
decreased
• Activities of antioxidant enzymes
increased
• Accumulation of phenols decreased
Sager et al.
(2020)
Oryza sativa (Rice)
• Reduced seed germination
• Decreased root-shoot length
• Decreased fresh and dry weight
• Decreased amylase, total sugar, chlorophyll
• Protease activity decreased
• Increased total protein, antioxidant
enzymes
• Increased proline ad ethylene content
Mitra et al.
(2018a)
Oryza sativa (Rice)
• Reduced seed germination
• Decreased root-shoot length
• Decreased fresh and dry weight
• Decreased amylase, total sugar, chlorophyll
• Increased protease activity and total
protein
• Increased total protein, antioxidant
enzymes
• Increased proline ad ethylene content
Pramanik et al.
(2018a)
(continued)
446
K. Pramanik et al.