Table 20.2 (continued)
Genes involved in endosymbiosis and function Implications and findings
At least 15 dioxygenase genes were found in
the genome of B. phytofirmans PsJN (Miter
et al. 2013)
– oxc: Oxalate decarboxylase
In Lupinus albus L., cv. Amiga, Z. mays subsp.
mays, cv. Birko, impaired early colonization of
B. phytofirmans PsJN (Kost et al. 2014)
– thuA: Trehalose utilization-related protein In Medicago sativa, impaired colonization of
R. meliloti 1021 to roots (Jensen et al. 2005)
Transporter (SUM transporter, Porin,
putrescin)
G. diazotrophicus PA15 has a relatively high
number of transporter genes enabling transport
of nutrients and excretion of toxins (Miter et al.
2013). The high number of ABC family in
G. diazotrophicus PAI5 and Azospirillum
sp. B510 (Miter et al. 2013). Low numbers of
the ABC family of transporters, porin genes
and the lack of putrescine transporters perhaps
suggests poor rhizosphere competence
(Dent 2018).
– (Hsero_4782): ABC multidrug transporter 20-fold lower endophytic and epiphytic
populations of H. seropedicae SmR1 at
three days after inoculation in Zea mays
(Balsanelli et al. 2016)
– (2553408008): Outer membrane efflux
transporter
Four- to six-fold decrease ability of
Paraburkholderia kururiensis M130 to colonize root of Oryza sativa var. BALDO (Levy
et al. 2018)
Secretion systems
(type I & IV, type II, III, Va, Vb, VI)
G. diazotrophicus in common with many other
endophytes has available key secretion systems (Dent 2018)
– hrcN (Hrubri_2444): T3SS ATPase
100-fold decrease in endophytic population in
roots at nine days after inoculation of
Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans M1 on Oryza
sativa (Schmidt et al. 2012)
– ppkA (azo3888): T6SS serine/threonine
protein kinase
In O. sativa ssp. Japonica cv. Nipponbare,
increased colonization capacity of Azoarcus
sp. BH72 (Shidore et al. 2012)
– cesT (2553406074): Tir chaperone protein In O. sativa var. BALDO, four- to six-fold
decrease in the ability of Burkholderia
kururiensis M130 to colonize roots (Levy et al.
2018)
Signaling and transcription regulator
Signaling systems are more complicated with
the genome size, phylogeny, ecology and
metabolic activities of the bacteria (Cases and
de Lorenzo 2005). Bacteria in diverse habitats
encode more ECF sigma factors compared
with stable niches (Gourion et al. 2009)
(continued)
398
S.-C. Chun
Genes involved in endosymbiosis and function Implications and findings
At least 15 dioxygenase genes were found in
the genome of B. phytofirmans PsJN (Miter
et al. 2013)
– oxc: Oxalate decarboxylase
In Lupinus albus L., cv. Amiga, Z. mays subsp.
mays, cv. Birko, impaired early colonization of
B. phytofirmans PsJN (Kost et al. 2014)
– thuA: Trehalose utilization-related protein In Medicago sativa, impaired colonization of
R. meliloti 1021 to roots (Jensen et al. 2005)
Transporter (SUM transporter, Porin,
putrescin)
G. diazotrophicus PA15 has a relatively high
number of transporter genes enabling transport
of nutrients and excretion of toxins (Miter et al.
2013). The high number of ABC family in
G. diazotrophicus PAI5 and Azospirillum
sp. B510 (Miter et al. 2013). Low numbers of
the ABC family of transporters, porin genes
and the lack of putrescine transporters perhaps
suggests poor rhizosphere competence
(Dent 2018).
– (Hsero_4782): ABC multidrug transporter 20-fold lower endophytic and epiphytic
populations of H. seropedicae SmR1 at
three days after inoculation in Zea mays
(Balsanelli et al. 2016)
– (2553408008): Outer membrane efflux
transporter
Four- to six-fold decrease ability of
Paraburkholderia kururiensis M130 to colonize root of Oryza sativa var. BALDO (Levy
et al. 2018)
Secretion systems
(type I & IV, type II, III, Va, Vb, VI)
G. diazotrophicus in common with many other
endophytes has available key secretion systems (Dent 2018)
– hrcN (Hrubri_2444): T3SS ATPase
100-fold decrease in endophytic population in
roots at nine days after inoculation of
Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans M1 on Oryza
sativa (Schmidt et al. 2012)
– ppkA (azo3888): T6SS serine/threonine
protein kinase
In O. sativa ssp. Japonica cv. Nipponbare,
increased colonization capacity of Azoarcus
sp. BH72 (Shidore et al. 2012)
– cesT (2553406074): Tir chaperone protein In O. sativa var. BALDO, four- to six-fold
decrease in the ability of Burkholderia
kururiensis M130 to colonize roots (Levy et al.
2018)
Signaling and transcription regulator
Signaling systems are more complicated with
the genome size, phylogeny, ecology and
metabolic activities of the bacteria (Cases and
de Lorenzo 2005). Bacteria in diverse habitats
encode more ECF sigma factors compared
with stable niches (Gourion et al. 2009)
(continued)
398
S.-C. Chun