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Azad MB, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Scott J, Takaro TK (2020)
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Can Med Assoc J 192(7):E154. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.190819
Parvez S, Gerona RR, Proctor C, Friesen M, Ashby JL, Reiter JL, Lui Z, Winchester PD (2018)
Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth
cohort study. Environ Health 17(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0367-0
Petersen C, Bell R, Klag KA, Lee S-H, Soto R, Ghazaryan A, Buhrke K, Ekiz HA, Ost KS,
Boudina S, O’Connell RM, Cox JE, Villanueva CJ, Stephens WZ, Round JL (2019) T cellmediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity. Science 365(6451):eaat9351.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9351
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RL, Li B, Chiou J, Pharkjaksu S, Khongthong S, Cheung GYC, Kiratisin P, Otto M (2018)
Pathogen elimination by probiotic Bacillus via signalling interference. Nature 562
(7728):532–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0616-y
Quintana FJ, Basso AS, Iglesias AH, Korn T, Farez MF, Bettelli E, Caccamo M, Oukka M, Weiner
HL (2008) Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Nature 453(7191):65–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06880
Rachmilewitz D, Katakura K, Karmeli F, Hayashi T, Reinus C, Rudensky B, Akira S, Takeda K,
Lee J, Takabayashi K, Raz E (2004) Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the antiinflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 126
(2):520–528. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.019
Reber SO, Siebler PH, Donner NC, Morton JT, Smith DG, Kopelman JM, Lowe KR, Wheeler KJ,
Fox JH, Hassell JE Jr, Greenwood BN, Jansch C, Lechner A, Schmidt D, Uschold-Schmidt N,
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Gonzalez A, Halweg-Edwards AL, Fleshner M, Raison CL, Rook GA, Peddada SD,
Knight R, Lowry CA (2016) Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental
bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
113(22):E3130–E3139. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600324113
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
361
(2016) Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science
352(6284):aaf1098. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1098
Ngure FM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Majo F, Mutasa K, Govha M, Mazarura E, Chasekwa B,
Prendergast AJ, Curtis V, Boor KJ, Stoltzfus RJ (2013) Formative research on hygiene
behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to
fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89(4):709–716. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0568
Nicholson WL (2002) Roles of Bacillus endospores in the environment. Cell Mol Life Sci 59
(3):410–416
Nishikimi M, Yagi K (1991) Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of gulonolactone
oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 54(6):1203S–1208S.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1203s
Nocera AL, Mueller SK, Stephan JR, Hing L, Seifert P, Han X, Lin DT, Amiji MM, Libermann T,
Bleier BS (2019) Exosome swarms eliminate airway pathogens and provide passive epithelial
immunoprotection through nitric oxide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 143(4):1525–1535. e1521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.046
Ott SJ, Waetzig GH, Rehman A, Moltzau-Anderson J, Bharti R, Grasis JA, Cassidy L, Tholey A,
Fickenscher H, Seegert D, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S (2017) Efficacy of sterile fecal filtrate
transfer for treating patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterology 152
(4):799–811.e797. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.010
Pancer Z, Cooper MD (2006) The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol
24:497–518. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542
Parks J, McCandless L, Dharma C, Brook J, Turvey SE, Mandhane P, Becker AB, Kozyrskyj AL,
Azad MB, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Scott J, Takaro TK (2020)
Association of use of cleaning products with respiratory health in a Canadian birth cohort.
Can Med Assoc J 192(7):E154. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.190819
Parvez S, Gerona RR, Proctor C, Friesen M, Ashby JL, Reiter JL, Lui Z, Winchester PD (2018)
Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth
cohort study. Environ Health 17(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0367-0
Petersen C, Bell R, Klag KA, Lee S-H, Soto R, Ghazaryan A, Buhrke K, Ekiz HA, Ost KS,
Boudina S, O’Connell RM, Cox JE, Villanueva CJ, Stephens WZ, Round JL (2019) T cellmediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity. Science 365(6451):eaat9351.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9351
Piewngam P, Zheng Y, Nguyen TH, Dickey SW, Joo H-S, Villaruz AE, Glose KA, Fisher EL, Hunt
RL, Li B, Chiou J, Pharkjaksu S, Khongthong S, Cheung GYC, Kiratisin P, Otto M (2018)
Pathogen elimination by probiotic Bacillus via signalling interference. Nature 562
(7728):532–537. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0616-y
Quintana FJ, Basso AS, Iglesias AH, Korn T, Farez MF, Bettelli E, Caccamo M, Oukka M, Weiner
HL (2008) Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Nature 453(7191):65–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06880
Rachmilewitz D, Katakura K, Karmeli F, Hayashi T, Reinus C, Rudensky B, Akira S, Takeda K,
Lee J, Takabayashi K, Raz E (2004) Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the antiinflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 126
(2):520–528. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.019
Reber SO, Siebler PH, Donner NC, Morton JT, Smith DG, Kopelman JM, Lowe KR, Wheeler KJ,
Fox JH, Hassell JE Jr, Greenwood BN, Jansch C, Lechner A, Schmidt D, Uschold-Schmidt N,
Fuchsl AM, Langgartner D, Walker FR, Hale MW, Lopez Perez G, Van Treuren W,
Gonzalez A, Halweg-Edwards AL, Fleshner M, Raison CL, Rook GA, Peddada SD,
Knight R, Lowry CA (2016) Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental
bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
113(22):E3130–E3139. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600324113
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
361