Duan Y, Llorente C, Lang S, Brandl K, Chu H, Jiang L, White RC, Clarke TH, Nguyen K,
Torralba M, Shao Y, Liu J, Hernandez-Morales A, Lessor L, Rahman IR, Miyamoto Y,
Ly M, Gao B, Sun W, Kiesel R, Hutmacher F, Lee S, Ventura-Cots M, Bosques-Padilla F,
Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross DL, Ho
SB, Louvet A, Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Garcia-Tsao G, Bataller R, Tu XM, Eckmann L, van der
Donk WA, Young R, Lawley TD, Stärkel P, Pride D, Fouts DE, Schnabl B (2019) Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature. https://doi.org/10.
1038/s41586-019-1742-x
Dydensborg Sander S, Nybo Andersen A-M, Murray JA, Karlstad Ø, Husby S, Størdal K (2019)
Association between antibiotics in the first year of life and celiac disease. Gastroenterology 156
(8):2217–2229. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.039
Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, Genuneit J, Cookson WO, Braun-Fahrlander C, Heederik D,
Piarroux R, von Mutius E (2011) Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood
asthma. N Engl J Med 364(8):701–709. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007302
Elbert W, Taylor PE, Andreae MO, Pöschl U (2007) Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic
aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions.
Atmos Chem Phys 7(17):4569–4588. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4569-2007
Elieh Ali Komi D, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS (2018) Chitin and its effects on inflammatory and
immune responses. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 54(2):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016017-8600-0
Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Arge L, Tsirogiannis C, Mortensen PB, Svenning JC (2019) Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from
adolescence into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(11):5188–5193. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1807504116
Fink G, D’Acremont V, Leslie HH, Cohen J (2019) Antibiotic exposure among children younger
than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally
representative facility-based and household-based surveys. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S1473-3099(19)30572-9
Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, Furman E, Haahtela T,
Massart S, Plovier H, Sanz Y, Rook G (2018) The impact of human activities and lifestyles on
the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Sci Total Environ
627:1018–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288
Fleming J, Hernandez G, Hartman L, Maksimovic J, Nace S, Lawler B, Risa T, Cook T, Agni R,
Reichelderfer M, Luzzio C, Rolak L, Field A, Fabry Z (2019) Safety and efficacy of helminth
treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial. Mult
Scler 25(1):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517736377
Forsberg KJ, Reyes A, Wang B, Selleck EM, Sommer MO, Dantas G (2012) The shared antibiotic
resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens. Science 337(6098):1107–1111. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1220761
Fujimura KE, Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Cox MJ, Brodie EL, Havstad SL, Zoratti EM, Woodcroft
KJ, Bobbitt KR, Wegienka G, Boushey HA, Lynch SV (2010) Man’s best friend? The effect of
pet ownership on house dust microbial communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126 (2):410–412,
412.e411–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.042
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Friis H (1997) Geophagy among school children in
Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2(7):624–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.
1997.d01-345.x
Gusareva ES, Acerbi E, Lau KJX, Luhung I, Premkrishnan BNV, Kolundžija S, Purbojati RW,
Wong A, Houghton JNI, Miller D, Gaultier NE, Heinle CE, Clare ME, Vettath VK, Kee C, Lim
SBY, Chénard C, Phung WJ, Kushwaha KK, Nee AP, Putra A, Panicker D, Yanqing K, Hwee
YZ, Lohar SR, Kuwata M, Kim HL, Yang L, Uchida A, Drautz-Moses DI, Junqueira ACM,
Schuster SC (2019) Microbial communities in the tropical air ecosystem follow a precise diel
cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(46):23299. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908493116
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
357
Torralba M, Shao Y, Liu J, Hernandez-Morales A, Lessor L, Rahman IR, Miyamoto Y,
Ly M, Gao B, Sun W, Kiesel R, Hutmacher F, Lee S, Ventura-Cots M, Bosques-Padilla F,
Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross DL, Ho
SB, Louvet A, Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Garcia-Tsao G, Bataller R, Tu XM, Eckmann L, van der
Donk WA, Young R, Lawley TD, Stärkel P, Pride D, Fouts DE, Schnabl B (2019) Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature. https://doi.org/10.
1038/s41586-019-1742-x
Dydensborg Sander S, Nybo Andersen A-M, Murray JA, Karlstad Ø, Husby S, Størdal K (2019)
Association between antibiotics in the first year of life and celiac disease. Gastroenterology 156
(8):2217–2229. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.039
Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, Genuneit J, Cookson WO, Braun-Fahrlander C, Heederik D,
Piarroux R, von Mutius E (2011) Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood
asthma. N Engl J Med 364(8):701–709. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007302
Elbert W, Taylor PE, Andreae MO, Pöschl U (2007) Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic
aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions.
Atmos Chem Phys 7(17):4569–4588. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4569-2007
Elieh Ali Komi D, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS (2018) Chitin and its effects on inflammatory and
immune responses. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 54(2):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016017-8600-0
Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Arge L, Tsirogiannis C, Mortensen PB, Svenning JC (2019) Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from
adolescence into adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(11):5188–5193. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1807504116
Fink G, D’Acremont V, Leslie HH, Cohen J (2019) Antibiotic exposure among children younger
than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally
representative facility-based and household-based surveys. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S1473-3099(19)30572-9
Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, Furman E, Haahtela T,
Massart S, Plovier H, Sanz Y, Rook G (2018) The impact of human activities and lifestyles on
the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems. Sci Total Environ
627:1018–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288
Fleming J, Hernandez G, Hartman L, Maksimovic J, Nace S, Lawler B, Risa T, Cook T, Agni R,
Reichelderfer M, Luzzio C, Rolak L, Field A, Fabry Z (2019) Safety and efficacy of helminth
treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of the HINT 2 clinical trial. Mult
Scler 25(1):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517736377
Forsberg KJ, Reyes A, Wang B, Selleck EM, Sommer MO, Dantas G (2012) The shared antibiotic
resistome of soil bacteria and human pathogens. Science 337(6098):1107–1111. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1220761
Fujimura KE, Johnson CC, Ownby DR, Cox MJ, Brodie EL, Havstad SL, Zoratti EM, Woodcroft
KJ, Bobbitt KR, Wegienka G, Boushey HA, Lynch SV (2010) Man’s best friend? The effect of
pet ownership on house dust microbial communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126 (2):410–412,
412.e411–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.042
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Friis H (1997) Geophagy among school children in
Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2(7):624–630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.
1997.d01-345.x
Gusareva ES, Acerbi E, Lau KJX, Luhung I, Premkrishnan BNV, Kolundžija S, Purbojati RW,
Wong A, Houghton JNI, Miller D, Gaultier NE, Heinle CE, Clare ME, Vettath VK, Kee C, Lim
SBY, Chénard C, Phung WJ, Kushwaha KK, Nee AP, Putra A, Panicker D, Yanqing K, Hwee
YZ, Lohar SR, Kuwata M, Kim HL, Yang L, Uchida A, Drautz-Moses DI, Junqueira ACM,
Schuster SC (2019) Microbial communities in the tropical air ecosystem follow a precise diel
cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(46):23299. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908493116
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
357