136
erties (Petrik et al. 2012). TAFC also exhibited high specificity towards Aspergillus
species when compared to other bacterial and fungal species (Petrik et al. 2014).
89
Zr also has been found to be useful for the imaging purposes. However, it has long
half-life and less positron-emitting property. Overall, radiolabelling of siderophores
has a promising potential to be exploited in clinical diagnostics due to its selectivity
towards particular microbial species (Petrik et al. 2017). Apart from radiolabelling,
siderophores have been conjugated with fluorescent probes such as fluorescein, rhodamine, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and anthracene are employed for optical
imaging and monitoring of siderophore transport inside and the microorganisms
(Nudelman et al. 1998; Larcher et al. 2013).
8.3.5 Metal-Binding Property
Other than iron, siderophores also can bind with other metals such as aluminium
(Al
3+
), zinc (Zn
2+
), gallium (Ga
3+
), chromium (Cr
3+
) and plutonium (Pu
3+
and Pu
4+
)
(Neu 2000; Miethke and Marahiel 2007). This property of siderophores is exploited
in bioremediation exercises when environmental cleaning is required due to contamination by harmful heavy metals such as plutonium (De Serrano 2017). Neubauer
et al. demonstrated that hydroxamate-type siderophore, desferrioxamine B, in high
pH conditions, was able to bind to Co(III) better than Fe(III) (Neubauer et al. 2000).
The siderophores produced by Fusarium solani were found to be effective in solubilizing Cu and Zn in vitro (Hong et al. 2010).
8.4 Conclusion
It is obvious that fungal siderophores mostly belong to hydroxamate type and play
an important role in several biomedical applications. However, a lot of work has
been done on bacterial siderophores and plant siderophores when compared with
fungal siderophores. The Trojan horse strategy is very promising against several
resistant infections such as invasive fungal infections. Hence, more research work is
required to be done on fungal siderophores especially on their antifungal therapeutic application against invasive fungal infections.
References
Anke H, Kinn J, Bergquist KE, Sterner O (1991) Production of siderophores by strains of the
genus Trichoderma – isolation and characterization of the new lipophilic coprogen derivative,
palmitoylcoprogen. Biol Met 4:176–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141311
M. S. A. Shukkoor and S. I. Khalivulla
erties (Petrik et al. 2012). TAFC also exhibited high specificity towards Aspergillus
species when compared to other bacterial and fungal species (Petrik et al. 2014).
89
Zr also has been found to be useful for the imaging purposes. However, it has long
half-life and less positron-emitting property. Overall, radiolabelling of siderophores
has a promising potential to be exploited in clinical diagnostics due to its selectivity
towards particular microbial species (Petrik et al. 2017). Apart from radiolabelling,
siderophores have been conjugated with fluorescent probes such as fluorescein, rhodamine, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and anthracene are employed for optical
imaging and monitoring of siderophore transport inside and the microorganisms
(Nudelman et al. 1998; Larcher et al. 2013).
8.3.5 Metal-Binding Property
Other than iron, siderophores also can bind with other metals such as aluminium
(Al
3+
), zinc (Zn
2+
), gallium (Ga
3+
), chromium (Cr
3+
) and plutonium (Pu
3+
and Pu
4+
)
(Neu 2000; Miethke and Marahiel 2007). This property of siderophores is exploited
in bioremediation exercises when environmental cleaning is required due to contamination by harmful heavy metals such as plutonium (De Serrano 2017). Neubauer
et al. demonstrated that hydroxamate-type siderophore, desferrioxamine B, in high
pH conditions, was able to bind to Co(III) better than Fe(III) (Neubauer et al. 2000).
The siderophores produced by Fusarium solani were found to be effective in solubilizing Cu and Zn in vitro (Hong et al. 2010).
8.4 Conclusion
It is obvious that fungal siderophores mostly belong to hydroxamate type and play
an important role in several biomedical applications. However, a lot of work has
been done on bacterial siderophores and plant siderophores when compared with
fungal siderophores. The Trojan horse strategy is very promising against several
resistant infections such as invasive fungal infections. Hence, more research work is
required to be done on fungal siderophores especially on their antifungal therapeutic application against invasive fungal infections.
References
Anke H, Kinn J, Bergquist KE, Sterner O (1991) Production of siderophores by strains of the
genus Trichoderma – isolation and characterization of the new lipophilic coprogen derivative,
palmitoylcoprogen. Biol Met 4:176–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141311
M. S. A. Shukkoor and S. I. Khalivulla