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© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. Dhusia et al. (eds.), Fungal Siderophores, Fungal Biology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_8
Chapter 8
Chemistry and Biomedical Applications
of Fungal Siderophores
Mohamed Saleem Abdul Shukkoor and Shaik Ibrahim Khalivulla
M. S. Abdul Shukkoor (*) · S. I. Khalivulla
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Contents
8.1 Introduction
119
8.2 Chemistry of Siderophores
120
8.2.1 Coprogens
123
8.2.2 Ferrichromes
127
8.2.3 Fusarinines
132
8.3 Biomedical Applications
132
8.3.1 Iron Overload
134
8.3.2 Biosensors and Nanosensors
134
8.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity
134
8.3.4 Molecular Imaging
135
8.3.5 Metal-Binding Property
136
8.4 Conclusion
136
References
136
8.1 Introduction
Siderophores are synthesized and released by various fungi to bind iron from the
environment. Most of the fungi synthesize siderophores except Saccharomyces species (Neilands 1993; Lesuisse 1994). Fungal siderophores have diverse biomedical
applications ranging from diagnostics to treatment of microbial resistance. Various
fungi synthesize siderophores (Renshaw et al. 2002; Varma et al. 2007). Chemically,
hydroxamate moiety is present in most of the fungal siderophores and subsequently
they belong to hydroxamate type (Leong 1986). The major pharmaceutical applica-