114
7.10 Conclusion
From recent investigations, it can be concluded that siderophores are the key components in iron transport in phototrophs and microorganisms. Structural variation and
ligand specificity in siderophore as well as membrane receptors regulate the iron
uptake process; hence, this field has immense potential for further exploration in the
field of biomolecular science. The siderophore plays significant role in environmental applications and is also investigated as potential strategy in the field of biotechnology (agriculture, bioremediation and biosensor) and medicines (diagnosis and
treatment). In a search of advance-level revelations, the metagenomic approach with
detailed chemical examinations may be employed to improve the current environmental applications that also give new realm of investigation for siderophores. With
the metal-chelating ability, siderophores are known to have potential applications in
the field of medicine and biotechnology. Apart from iron binding (Fe
3+
), the variety
of siderophore is also investigated for binding with other metals including Pb
2+
, Cr
3+
,
Al
3+
and actinide ions. The study of metal-microbe conjugation highlights the significance of microbes which provides suitable environment for growth and reproduction of various forms of life. From the established literature, it is clear that
siderophores represent the vital organic compounds for iron uptake among microbial
and plant species. Siderophore variability in terms of their structural and functional
characteristics and membrane receptors involving metal coordination in relation to
microbial communities should be thoroughly investigated to establish the role of
siderophore at profound level in the field of advance- level therapy in medical science.
References
Ahmed E, Holmstrom SJM (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7:196–208
Aznar A, Chen NWG, Rigault M et al (2014) Scavenging iron: a novel mechanism of plant immunity activation by microbial siderophores. Plant Physiol 164:2167–2183
Baakza A, Daave BP, Dube HC (2004) Chemical nature, ligand denticity and quantification of
fungal siderophores. Indian J Exp Biol 42:96–105
Baakza A, Dave BP, Dube HC (2005) Chemical properties and NMR spectroscopic identification
of certain fungal siderophores. Indian J Exp Biol 43:880–886
Baila S, Garcia M, Baila LC et al (2014) Hydroxamate production as a high affinity iron acquisition mechanism in Paracoccidioides spp. PLoS One 9:1–14
Bairwa G, Jung WH, Kronstad JW (2017) Iron acquisition in fungal pathogens of humans.
Metallomics 9:215–227
Banner W Jr, Woolf AD (2004) Antidotes for poisoning by metals and metalloids: deferoxamine.
International programme on chemical safety evaluation (WHO/ILO/UNEP), World Health
Organization, August 2004
Bernier G, Girijavallabhan V, Murray A et al (2005) Desketoneoenactin-siderophore conjugates
for Candida: evidence of iron transport-dependent species selectivity. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 49:241–248
S. Bhardwaj et al.
7.10 Conclusion
From recent investigations, it can be concluded that siderophores are the key components in iron transport in phototrophs and microorganisms. Structural variation and
ligand specificity in siderophore as well as membrane receptors regulate the iron
uptake process; hence, this field has immense potential for further exploration in the
field of biomolecular science. The siderophore plays significant role in environmental applications and is also investigated as potential strategy in the field of biotechnology (agriculture, bioremediation and biosensor) and medicines (diagnosis and
treatment). In a search of advance-level revelations, the metagenomic approach with
detailed chemical examinations may be employed to improve the current environmental applications that also give new realm of investigation for siderophores. With
the metal-chelating ability, siderophores are known to have potential applications in
the field of medicine and biotechnology. Apart from iron binding (Fe
3+
), the variety
of siderophore is also investigated for binding with other metals including Pb
2+
, Cr
3+
,
Al
3+
and actinide ions. The study of metal-microbe conjugation highlights the significance of microbes which provides suitable environment for growth and reproduction of various forms of life. From the established literature, it is clear that
siderophores represent the vital organic compounds for iron uptake among microbial
and plant species. Siderophore variability in terms of their structural and functional
characteristics and membrane receptors involving metal coordination in relation to
microbial communities should be thoroughly investigated to establish the role of
siderophore at profound level in the field of advance- level therapy in medical science.
References
Ahmed E, Holmstrom SJM (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7:196–208
Aznar A, Chen NWG, Rigault M et al (2014) Scavenging iron: a novel mechanism of plant immunity activation by microbial siderophores. Plant Physiol 164:2167–2183
Baakza A, Daave BP, Dube HC (2004) Chemical nature, ligand denticity and quantification of
fungal siderophores. Indian J Exp Biol 42:96–105
Baakza A, Dave BP, Dube HC (2005) Chemical properties and NMR spectroscopic identification
of certain fungal siderophores. Indian J Exp Biol 43:880–886
Baila S, Garcia M, Baila LC et al (2014) Hydroxamate production as a high affinity iron acquisition mechanism in Paracoccidioides spp. PLoS One 9:1–14
Bairwa G, Jung WH, Kronstad JW (2017) Iron acquisition in fungal pathogens of humans.
Metallomics 9:215–227
Banner W Jr, Woolf AD (2004) Antidotes for poisoning by metals and metalloids: deferoxamine.
International programme on chemical safety evaluation (WHO/ILO/UNEP), World Health
Organization, August 2004
Bernier G, Girijavallabhan V, Murray A et al (2005) Desketoneoenactin-siderophore conjugates
for Candida: evidence of iron transport-dependent species selectivity. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 49:241–248
S. Bhardwaj et al.