XI
Contents
1
Political Ecology on Pandora ..............................................................................................
1
1.1
First Synthesis: Social and Natural Sciences ............................................................................
6
1.2
Second Synthesis: Three Aspects of Environmental Governance ....................................
8
1.3
Third Synthesis: Normative and Empirical Analyses ............................................................ 10
1.4
Fourth Synthesis: Agency and Structure .................................................................................. 11
1.5
Fifth Synthesis: Realism and Social Constructivism ............................................................. 13
1.6
Sixth Synthesis: Different Types of Power ................................................................................ 15
1.7
Seventh Synthesis: Linkages between Different Geographical Levels .......................... 19
1.8
Eighth Synthesis: Temporal Connections ................................................................................. 20
1.9
Ninth Synthesis: Linking Different Types of Knowledge and Scientific Methods ...... 21
1.10
Tenth Synthesis: Critical and Constructive Contributions .................................................. 21
1.11
Delimitations of this Book ............................................................................................................. 24
1.12
The Other Chapters in this Book ................................................................................................. 25
References .......................................................................................................................................... 27
2
Theoretical Influences and Recent Directions ........................................................ 29
2.1
Marxist Political Economy ............................................................................................................. 30
2.2
Human Ecology and Cultural Ecology ....................................................................................... 35
2.3
Poststructuralism ............................................................................................................................. 40
2.4
Peasant Studies ................................................................................................................................. 45
2.5
The Interface Between Political Ecology and Environmental Justice ............................. 47
2.6
Écologie Politique, Ecología Política and Degrowth ............................................................. 50
References .......................................................................................................................................... 52
3
Discourses and Narratives on Environment and
Development: The Example of Bioprospecting ..................................................... 59
3.1
The Political Economy of Bioprospecting ................................................................................ 62
3.2
The Bioprospecting Win-Win Discourse ................................................................................... 66
3.3
The Biopiracy Discourse ................................................................................................................. 67
3.4
Win-Win Narratives on Bioprospecting .................................................................................... 71
3.5
Biopiracy Narratives ........................................................................................................................ 71
3.6
Back to Hollywood ........................................................................................................................... 73
3.7
Tracking American Gene Hunters in Tanzania ........................................................................ 74
3.8
From Hollywood to the Norwegian Mountains ..................................................................... 78
3.9
Four Types of Discourses on Environment and Development .......................................... 80
References .......................................................................................................................................... 85
Contents
1
Political Ecology on Pandora ..............................................................................................
1
1.1
First Synthesis: Social and Natural Sciences ............................................................................
6
1.2
Second Synthesis: Three Aspects of Environmental Governance ....................................
8
1.3
Third Synthesis: Normative and Empirical Analyses ............................................................ 10
1.4
Fourth Synthesis: Agency and Structure .................................................................................. 11
1.5
Fifth Synthesis: Realism and Social Constructivism ............................................................. 13
1.6
Sixth Synthesis: Different Types of Power ................................................................................ 15
1.7
Seventh Synthesis: Linkages between Different Geographical Levels .......................... 19
1.8
Eighth Synthesis: Temporal Connections ................................................................................. 20
1.9
Ninth Synthesis: Linking Different Types of Knowledge and Scientific Methods ...... 21
1.10
Tenth Synthesis: Critical and Constructive Contributions .................................................. 21
1.11
Delimitations of this Book ............................................................................................................. 24
1.12
The Other Chapters in this Book ................................................................................................. 25
References .......................................................................................................................................... 27
2
Theoretical Influences and Recent Directions ........................................................ 29
2.1
Marxist Political Economy ............................................................................................................. 30
2.2
Human Ecology and Cultural Ecology ....................................................................................... 35
2.3
Poststructuralism ............................................................................................................................. 40
2.4
Peasant Studies ................................................................................................................................. 45
2.5
The Interface Between Political Ecology and Environmental Justice ............................. 47
2.6
Écologie Politique, Ecología Política and Degrowth ............................................................. 50
References .......................................................................................................................................... 52
3
Discourses and Narratives on Environment and
Development: The Example of Bioprospecting ..................................................... 59
3.1
The Political Economy of Bioprospecting ................................................................................ 62
3.2
The Bioprospecting Win-Win Discourse ................................................................................... 66
3.3
The Biopiracy Discourse ................................................................................................................. 67
3.4
Win-Win Narratives on Bioprospecting .................................................................................... 71
3.5
Biopiracy Narratives ........................................................................................................................ 71
3.6
Back to Hollywood ........................................................................................................................... 73
3.7
Tracking American Gene Hunters in Tanzania ........................................................................ 74
3.8
From Hollywood to the Norwegian Mountains ..................................................................... 78
3.9
Four Types of Discourses on Environment and Development .......................................... 80
References .......................................................................................................................................... 85