XII
4
Conservation Discourses Versus Practices ................................................................ 89
4.1
Discourses and Practices................................................................................................................ 92
4.2
Fortress Conservation as Discourse and Practice .................................................................. 93
4.3
The Win-Win Discourse on Protected Areas ............................................................................ 94
4.4
Challenges to the Win-Win Discourse ....................................................................................... 96
References .......................................................................................................................................... 107
5
Gender and Power: Feminist Political Ecologies ................................................... 111
5.1
Expectations of Gender Equality in Local Conservation Politics in Norway ................ 112
5.2
A Study in Senegal ........................................................................................................................... 115
5.3
A Study in India and Nepal ............................................................................................................ 116
5.4
From Ecofeminism to Feminist Political Ecologies ................................................................ 117
5.5
Does it Matter That Decisions on the Environment Are Dominated by Men? ............. 119
5.6
Another Day at Work ....................................................................................................................... 123
References .......................................................................................................................................... 125
6
Climate Mitigation Choices: Reducing Deforestation in the Global South
Versus Reducing Fossil Fuel Production at Home ................................................ 127
6.1
The Climate Crisis ............................................................................................................................. 130
6.2
Choices of Emission Cuts and Climate Justice in Time and Space ................................... 130
6.3
Norway’s Climate Change Mitigation Through Forest Conservation
in Tropical Countries ........................................................................................................................ 133
6.4
The Case of a REDD Project in Tanzania .................................................................................... 135
6.5
How Can a Success Narrative About a Failed Project Succeed? ....................................... 140
6.6
The Win-Win Discourse on REDD: From Hegemony to Challenges ................................. 144
6.7
Three Types of Carbon Trade ........................................................................................................ 144
6.8
Discourses on Carbon Trade ......................................................................................................... 148
6.9
Overarching Discourses on Climate Mitigation ..................................................................... 148
6.10
The Case of an Oil-Fed Climate Change Discourse ............................................................... 149
6.11
Political Ecology from Hatchet to Seed Through Climate Justice .................................... 151
References .......................................................................................................................................... 153
7
Pastoralists and the State ..................................................................................................... 155
7.1
Debates About Overgrazing ......................................................................................................... 158
7.2
Debates About Economic Irrationality Among Pastoralists .............................................. 174
References .......................................................................................................................................... 179
Contents
4
Conservation Discourses Versus Practices ................................................................ 89
4.1
Discourses and Practices................................................................................................................ 92
4.2
Fortress Conservation as Discourse and Practice .................................................................. 93
4.3
The Win-Win Discourse on Protected Areas ............................................................................ 94
4.4
Challenges to the Win-Win Discourse ....................................................................................... 96
References .......................................................................................................................................... 107
5
Gender and Power: Feminist Political Ecologies ................................................... 111
5.1
Expectations of Gender Equality in Local Conservation Politics in Norway ................ 112
5.2
A Study in Senegal ........................................................................................................................... 115
5.3
A Study in India and Nepal ............................................................................................................ 116
5.4
From Ecofeminism to Feminist Political Ecologies ................................................................ 117
5.5
Does it Matter That Decisions on the Environment Are Dominated by Men? ............. 119
5.6
Another Day at Work ....................................................................................................................... 123
References .......................................................................................................................................... 125
6
Climate Mitigation Choices: Reducing Deforestation in the Global South
Versus Reducing Fossil Fuel Production at Home ................................................ 127
6.1
The Climate Crisis ............................................................................................................................. 130
6.2
Choices of Emission Cuts and Climate Justice in Time and Space ................................... 130
6.3
Norway’s Climate Change Mitigation Through Forest Conservation
in Tropical Countries ........................................................................................................................ 133
6.4
The Case of a REDD Project in Tanzania .................................................................................... 135
6.5
How Can a Success Narrative About a Failed Project Succeed? ....................................... 140
6.6
The Win-Win Discourse on REDD: From Hegemony to Challenges ................................. 144
6.7
Three Types of Carbon Trade ........................................................................................................ 144
6.8
Discourses on Carbon Trade ......................................................................................................... 148
6.9
Overarching Discourses on Climate Mitigation ..................................................................... 148
6.10
The Case of an Oil-Fed Climate Change Discourse ............................................................... 149
6.11
Political Ecology from Hatchet to Seed Through Climate Justice .................................... 151
References .......................................................................................................................................... 153
7
Pastoralists and the State ..................................................................................................... 155
7.1
Debates About Overgrazing ......................................................................................................... 158
7.2
Debates About Economic Irrationality Among Pastoralists .............................................. 174
References .......................................................................................................................................... 179
Contents