180
7
———. 1920. Plant indicators: The relation of plant communities to process and practice. Washington,
DC: Carnegie Institute.
Dardel, C., L. Kergoat, E. Mougin, P. Hiernaux, M. Grippa, and C.J. Tucker. 2014. Re-greening
Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger). Remote Sensing of
Environment 140: 350–364.
Eira, I.M.G. 2012. Muohttaga jávohis giella: Sámi árbevirolaš máhttu muohttaga birra dálkkádatrievdamis. The Silent Language of Snow: Sámi Traditional Knowledge of Snow in Times of
Climate Change. PhD dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Tromsø.
Eira, I.M.G., O.H. Magga, and N.I. Eira. 2010. Muohtatearpmaid sisdoallu ja geavahus. Sámi
dieđalaš áigečála 2/2011, pp. 3–24. (Sámi snow terminology – Meaning and usage.)
Ellis, J.E., and D.M. Swift. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and
implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41 (6): 450–459.
Gaare, E., H. Tømmervik, J.W. Bjerke, and D. Thannheiser. 2006. Overvåking av vinterbeiter i VestFinnmark og Karasjok: Ny beskrivelse av fastrutene. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning, NINA
Rapport 204.
Grandin, B.E. 1987. Pastoral culture and range management: Recent lessons from Maasailand.
International Livestock Center for Africa, Addis Ababa. ILCA Bulletin 28, September.
Hanan, N.P., Y. Prevost, A. Diouf, and O. Diallo. 1991. Assessment of desertification around deep
wells in the Sahel using satellite imagery. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 173–186.
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243–1248.
Hausner, V.N., P. Fauchald, T. Tveraa, E. Pedersen, J.L. Jernsletten, B. Ulvevadet, R.A. Ims,
N.G. Yoccoz, and K.A. Bråthen. 2011. The ghost of development past: The impact of economic
security policies on Saami pastoral ecosystems. Ecology and Society 16 (3): 4.
Helldén, U. 1991. Desertification – Time for an assessment? Ambio 20 (8): 372–383.
Herskovits, M.J. 1926. The cattle complex in East Africa. American Anthropologist 28: 230–272, 361–
388, 494–528, 633–664.
Hesse, C., and J. MacGregor. 2006. Pastoralism: Drylands’ invisible asset? Developing a framework for
assessing the value of pastoralism in East Africa. IIED Issue Paper 142.
Hiernaux, P. 1993. The crisis of Sahelian pastoralism: Ecological or economic? Addis Ababa:
International Livestock Centre for Africa.
Hiernaux, P., E. Mougin, L. Diarra, N. Soumaguel, F. Lavenu, Y. Tracol, and M. Diawara. 2009.
Sahelian rangeland response to changes in rainfall over two decades in the Gourma region, Mali.
Journal of Hydrology 375 (1–2): 114–127.
Hiernaux, P., C. Dardel, L. Kergoat, and E. Mougin. 2016. Desertification, adaptation and resilience
in the Sahel: Lessons from long term monitoring of agro-ecosystems. In The end of desertification? Disputing environmental change in the drylands, ed. R.H. Behnke and M. Mortimore.
Heidelberg: Springer.
Hoffmann, A., and U. Zeller. 2005. Influence of variations in land use intensity on species diversity
and abundance of small mammals in the Nama Karoo, Namibia. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135:
91–96.
Homewood, K., and W.A. Rodgers. 1987. Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy.
In Conservation in Africa. People, policies and practice, ed. D. Anderson and R. Grove. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hongslo, E., and T.A. Benjaminsen. 2002. Turning landscapes into ‘nothing’: A narrative of land
reform in Namibia. Forum for Development Studies 29 (2): 321–347.
Illius, A.W., and T.G. O’Connor. 1999. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to semi-arid
grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9: 798–813.
Johansen, B., and S.R. Karlsen. 2005. Monitoring vegetation changes on Finnmarksvidda, Northern
Norway, using Landsat MSS and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images. Phytocoenologia 35: 969–
984.
Johansen, B., H. Tømmervik, J.W. Bjerke, and T.R. Karlsen. 2014. Finnmarksvidda – kartlegging og
overvåking av reinbeiter. Status 2013. NORUT Rapport 07/2014.
Chapter 7 · Pastoralists and the State
7
———. 1920. Plant indicators: The relation of plant communities to process and practice. Washington,
DC: Carnegie Institute.
Dardel, C., L. Kergoat, E. Mougin, P. Hiernaux, M. Grippa, and C.J. Tucker. 2014. Re-greening
Sahel: 30 years of remote sensing data and field observations (Mali, Niger). Remote Sensing of
Environment 140: 350–364.
Eira, I.M.G. 2012. Muohttaga jávohis giella: Sámi árbevirolaš máhttu muohttaga birra dálkkádatrievdamis. The Silent Language of Snow: Sámi Traditional Knowledge of Snow in Times of
Climate Change. PhD dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Tromsø.
Eira, I.M.G., O.H. Magga, and N.I. Eira. 2010. Muohtatearpmaid sisdoallu ja geavahus. Sámi
dieđalaš áigečála 2/2011, pp. 3–24. (Sámi snow terminology – Meaning and usage.)
Ellis, J.E., and D.M. Swift. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and
implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41 (6): 450–459.
Gaare, E., H. Tømmervik, J.W. Bjerke, and D. Thannheiser. 2006. Overvåking av vinterbeiter i VestFinnmark og Karasjok: Ny beskrivelse av fastrutene. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning, NINA
Rapport 204.
Grandin, B.E. 1987. Pastoral culture and range management: Recent lessons from Maasailand.
International Livestock Center for Africa, Addis Ababa. ILCA Bulletin 28, September.
Hanan, N.P., Y. Prevost, A. Diouf, and O. Diallo. 1991. Assessment of desertification around deep
wells in the Sahel using satellite imagery. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 173–186.
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243–1248.
Hausner, V.N., P. Fauchald, T. Tveraa, E. Pedersen, J.L. Jernsletten, B. Ulvevadet, R.A. Ims,
N.G. Yoccoz, and K.A. Bråthen. 2011. The ghost of development past: The impact of economic
security policies on Saami pastoral ecosystems. Ecology and Society 16 (3): 4.
Helldén, U. 1991. Desertification – Time for an assessment? Ambio 20 (8): 372–383.
Herskovits, M.J. 1926. The cattle complex in East Africa. American Anthropologist 28: 230–272, 361–
388, 494–528, 633–664.
Hesse, C., and J. MacGregor. 2006. Pastoralism: Drylands’ invisible asset? Developing a framework for
assessing the value of pastoralism in East Africa. IIED Issue Paper 142.
Hiernaux, P. 1993. The crisis of Sahelian pastoralism: Ecological or economic? Addis Ababa:
International Livestock Centre for Africa.
Hiernaux, P., E. Mougin, L. Diarra, N. Soumaguel, F. Lavenu, Y. Tracol, and M. Diawara. 2009.
Sahelian rangeland response to changes in rainfall over two decades in the Gourma region, Mali.
Journal of Hydrology 375 (1–2): 114–127.
Hiernaux, P., C. Dardel, L. Kergoat, and E. Mougin. 2016. Desertification, adaptation and resilience
in the Sahel: Lessons from long term monitoring of agro-ecosystems. In The end of desertification? Disputing environmental change in the drylands, ed. R.H. Behnke and M. Mortimore.
Heidelberg: Springer.
Hoffmann, A., and U. Zeller. 2005. Influence of variations in land use intensity on species diversity
and abundance of small mammals in the Nama Karoo, Namibia. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135:
91–96.
Homewood, K., and W.A. Rodgers. 1987. Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy.
In Conservation in Africa. People, policies and practice, ed. D. Anderson and R. Grove. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hongslo, E., and T.A. Benjaminsen. 2002. Turning landscapes into ‘nothing’: A narrative of land
reform in Namibia. Forum for Development Studies 29 (2): 321–347.
Illius, A.W., and T.G. O’Connor. 1999. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to semi-arid
grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9: 798–813.
Johansen, B., and S.R. Karlsen. 2005. Monitoring vegetation changes on Finnmarksvidda, Northern
Norway, using Landsat MSS and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images. Phytocoenologia 35: 969–
984.
Johansen, B., H. Tømmervik, J.W. Bjerke, and T.R. Karlsen. 2014. Finnmarksvidda – kartlegging og
overvåking av reinbeiter. Status 2013. NORUT Rapport 07/2014.
Chapter 7 · Pastoralists and the State