179
7
References
Aas, B. 1969. Climatically raised birch lines in southeastern Norway 1918-1968. Norwegian Journal of
Geography 23 (3): 119–130.
Allsopp, N., C. Laurent, M.C. Debeaudoin, and M.I. Samuels. 2007. Environmental perceptions and
practices of livestock keepers on the Namaqualand Commons challenge conventional rangeland
management. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (4): 740–754.
Behnke, R., and I. Scoones. 1993. Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangeland management
in Africa. In Range ecology at disequilibrium: New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas, ed. R. Behnke, I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, 1–30. London: Overseas
Development Institute & International Institute for Environment and Development.
Behnke, R.H., I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, eds. 1993. Range ecology at disequilibrium. New models of
natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas. London: Overseas Development
Institute & International Institute for Environment and Development.
Benjaminsen, T.A. 1997. Natural resource management, paradigm shifts and the decentralization
reform in Mali. Human Ecology 25 (1): 121–143.
———. 2020. Depicting decline: Images and myths in environmental discourse analysis. Landscape
Research: 1–15. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01426397.2020.1737663#.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and G. Berge. 2004. Myths of Timbuktu – From African El Dorado to desertification. International Journal of Political Economy 34 (1): 31–59.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and P. Hiernaux. 2019. From desiccation to global climate change: A history of
the desertification narrative in the West African Sahel, 1900-2018. Global Environment 12: 206–
236.
Benjaminsen, T.A., R.F. Rohde, E. Sjaastad, P. Wisborg, and T. Lebert. 2006. Land reform, range
ecology, and carrying capacities in Namaqualand, South Africa. Annals of the Association of
American Geographers 96 (3): 524–540.
Benjaminsen, T.A., T. Kepe, and S. Bråthen. 2008. Between global interests and local needs:
Conservation and land reform in Namaqualand, South Africa. Africa 78 (2): 221–244.
Benjaminsen, T.A., H. Reinert, E. Sjaastad, and M.N. Sara. 2015. Misreading the Arctic landscape:
A political ecology of reindeer, carrying capacities, and overstocking in Finnmark, Norway.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 69 (4): 219–229.
Benjaminsen, T.A., I.M.G. Eira, and M.N. Sara, eds. 2016. Samisk reindrift, norske myter. Bergen:
Fagbokforlaget.
Berge, G. 2000. In defence of pastoralism: Form and flux among Tuaregs in northern Mali. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.
Bjørklund, I. 1990. Saami reindeer pastoralism as an indigenous resource. Development and Change
21 (1): 75–86.
Bryn, A. 2008. Recent forest limit changes in south-east Norway: Effects of climate change or
regrowth after abandoned utilisation? Norwegian Journal of Geography 62: 251–270.
Clements, F. 1916. Plant succession. An analysis of the development of vegetation. Washington, DC:
Carnegie Institute.
? Questions
1. Sum-up the main points of the Succession Theory vs. the Non-Equilibrium
Theory.
2. Is an intensively used landscape necessarily overgrazed and degraded? Take the
example of livestock-keeping in South Africa.
3. Describe the relationship between reindeer pastoralists and the Norwegian state.
4. What would a livestock policy that promotes environmental sustainability and
social justice look like?
References
7
References
Aas, B. 1969. Climatically raised birch lines in southeastern Norway 1918-1968. Norwegian Journal of
Geography 23 (3): 119–130.
Allsopp, N., C. Laurent, M.C. Debeaudoin, and M.I. Samuels. 2007. Environmental perceptions and
practices of livestock keepers on the Namaqualand Commons challenge conventional rangeland
management. Journal of Arid Environments 70 (4): 740–754.
Behnke, R., and I. Scoones. 1993. Rethinking range ecology: Implications for rangeland management
in Africa. In Range ecology at disequilibrium: New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas, ed. R. Behnke, I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, 1–30. London: Overseas
Development Institute & International Institute for Environment and Development.
Behnke, R.H., I. Scoones, and C. Kerven, eds. 1993. Range ecology at disequilibrium. New models of
natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas. London: Overseas Development
Institute & International Institute for Environment and Development.
Benjaminsen, T.A. 1997. Natural resource management, paradigm shifts and the decentralization
reform in Mali. Human Ecology 25 (1): 121–143.
———. 2020. Depicting decline: Images and myths in environmental discourse analysis. Landscape
Research: 1–15. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01426397.2020.1737663#.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and G. Berge. 2004. Myths of Timbuktu – From African El Dorado to desertification. International Journal of Political Economy 34 (1): 31–59.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and P. Hiernaux. 2019. From desiccation to global climate change: A history of
the desertification narrative in the West African Sahel, 1900-2018. Global Environment 12: 206–
236.
Benjaminsen, T.A., R.F. Rohde, E. Sjaastad, P. Wisborg, and T. Lebert. 2006. Land reform, range
ecology, and carrying capacities in Namaqualand, South Africa. Annals of the Association of
American Geographers 96 (3): 524–540.
Benjaminsen, T.A., T. Kepe, and S. Bråthen. 2008. Between global interests and local needs:
Conservation and land reform in Namaqualand, South Africa. Africa 78 (2): 221–244.
Benjaminsen, T.A., H. Reinert, E. Sjaastad, and M.N. Sara. 2015. Misreading the Arctic landscape:
A political ecology of reindeer, carrying capacities, and overstocking in Finnmark, Norway.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 69 (4): 219–229.
Benjaminsen, T.A., I.M.G. Eira, and M.N. Sara, eds. 2016. Samisk reindrift, norske myter. Bergen:
Fagbokforlaget.
Berge, G. 2000. In defence of pastoralism: Form and flux among Tuaregs in northern Mali. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.
Bjørklund, I. 1990. Saami reindeer pastoralism as an indigenous resource. Development and Change
21 (1): 75–86.
Bryn, A. 2008. Recent forest limit changes in south-east Norway: Effects of climate change or
regrowth after abandoned utilisation? Norwegian Journal of Geography 62: 251–270.
Clements, F. 1916. Plant succession. An analysis of the development of vegetation. Washington, DC:
Carnegie Institute.
? Questions
1. Sum-up the main points of the Succession Theory vs. the Non-Equilibrium
Theory.
2. Is an intensively used landscape necessarily overgrazed and degraded? Take the
example of livestock-keeping in South Africa.
3. Describe the relationship between reindeer pastoralists and the Norwegian state.
4. What would a livestock policy that promotes environmental sustainability and
social justice look like?
References