375
H
H
H H
H
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C O O H
H
C
C
C C
H
H
C
CH
CH
OH
HO
OH
CH
CH
CH
HC
HC
CH
HC
HC
HC
C=O
5
6
7
8
9
10
4
3
O
O
O
O
CH
HCOH
HCOH
HCOH
HCOH
HCOH
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC=O[CH 2 OH]
H 3 CO
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
H 2 C
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
H 2 COH
H 2 COH
H 2 COH
H 2 COH
CH 2 OH
H 3 CO
HOH 2 C
H 3 CO
OCH 3
OCH 3
OCH 3
CH 2
CH
CH
HC
HC
OCH 3
OCH 3
OCH 3
HCOH
HCOH
OH
OH[O-C]
OCH 3
H 3 CO
H 3 CO
H 3 CO
H 3 CO
H 3 CO
H 3 CO
16
1
15
12
11
14
2
O
13
H
H
CH 2 OH
CH 2 OH
CH 3 C
CH 2 OH
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
HO
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
a
b
c
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
OCCH 3
OCH 3
Fig. 14.14 Repeating structures of cellulose (a), hemicellulose (b), and lignin (c). (From
K.K. Pandy, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1999, with permission of John Wiley and Sons.
Lignin structure was reproduced from E. Alder (1977) with permission of Springer)
14 How the Optical Properties of Leaves Modify the Absorption and Scattering…