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important role in herbivore defense (Nogueira et al. 2015). Most species in the family are dispersed by wind or water (Lohmann 2004).
Former drying of Neotropical climates, and the Andean orogeny, seems to have
represented key diversification drivers for tribe Bignonieae (Lohmann et al. 2013).
Today, it includes 383 species and 21 genera (Lohmann and Taylor 2014), representing the most diverse and abundant clade of lianas in Neotropical forests
(Lohmann 2006). All species of the tribe are distributed among three main clades:
(i) the “multiples of four clade” (referring to the multiples of four phloem wedges),
with ca. 135 species (Lohmann 2006); (ii) the “Fridericia and Allies clade,” with
around 132 species (Kaehler et al. 2019); and (iii) the “Adenocalymma-Neojobertia”
clade, with ca. 75 species (Fonseca and Lohmann 2018). The remaining species of
the Tribe are distributed among eight small genera (Lohmann 2006).
11.3 Methods
To investigate the relationships between climate and biodiversity patterns in the
Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, we selected three clades of angiosperms with different
life forms, i.e., shrubs and small trees (tribe Miconieae, Melastomataceae), epiphytic herbs (the Ronnbergia/Wittmackia alliance, Bromeliaceae), and lianas (the
“Fridericia and Allies” clade of tribe Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae).
For each group, we combined geo-referenced occurrence data from each species
with information about its evolutionary relationships. Using personal field data,
published records, and geo-referenced herbarium information, we gathered locality
information for 352 species and 22,338 unique locality points vetted by experts for
spatial and taxonomic accuracy as follows: (i) melastomes, 178 species and 10,253
records of members of tribe Miconieae; (ii) bromeliads, 43 species and 4,606
records of members of the Ronnbergia/Wittmackia alliance; and (iii) Bignones, 132
species and 7,480 records of members of the “Fridericia and Allies” clade of tribe
Bignonieae (Lohmann, unpublished data; see Meyer et. al 2008 for further details
on this data set).
For each species, we used the locality data to generate a multiple convex polygon
representing its range, which was then converted into a gridded map (~5 km resolution). Maps of the individual species were then stacked, allowing us to compute the
total number of species per pixel. Information about the species composition at each
grid cell was then combined with published and novel data on the phylogenetic relationships among species of melastomes (Caddah 2013; Reginato and Michelangeli
2016; Goldenberg et al. 2018), bromeliads (Aguirre-Santoro et al. 2016), and bignones (Kaehler et al. 2019), to provide a measurement of phylogenetic diversity (PD)
per pixel, using Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index (Faith 1992). This metric quantifies the evolutionary history included in every community by adding the branch
lengths leading to each taxon present in the community (Faith 1992).
We also identified pixels holding high or low levels of phylogenetic endemism
(PE) by including information about the range of each species’ sister taxon
A. Paz et al.
important role in herbivore defense (Nogueira et al. 2015). Most species in the family are dispersed by wind or water (Lohmann 2004).
Former drying of Neotropical climates, and the Andean orogeny, seems to have
represented key diversification drivers for tribe Bignonieae (Lohmann et al. 2013).
Today, it includes 383 species and 21 genera (Lohmann and Taylor 2014), representing the most diverse and abundant clade of lianas in Neotropical forests
(Lohmann 2006). All species of the tribe are distributed among three main clades:
(i) the “multiples of four clade” (referring to the multiples of four phloem wedges),
with ca. 135 species (Lohmann 2006); (ii) the “Fridericia and Allies clade,” with
around 132 species (Kaehler et al. 2019); and (iii) the “Adenocalymma-Neojobertia”
clade, with ca. 75 species (Fonseca and Lohmann 2018). The remaining species of
the Tribe are distributed among eight small genera (Lohmann 2006).
11.3 Methods
To investigate the relationships between climate and biodiversity patterns in the
Atlantic rainforest of Brazil, we selected three clades of angiosperms with different
life forms, i.e., shrubs and small trees (tribe Miconieae, Melastomataceae), epiphytic herbs (the Ronnbergia/Wittmackia alliance, Bromeliaceae), and lianas (the
“Fridericia and Allies” clade of tribe Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae).
For each group, we combined geo-referenced occurrence data from each species
with information about its evolutionary relationships. Using personal field data,
published records, and geo-referenced herbarium information, we gathered locality
information for 352 species and 22,338 unique locality points vetted by experts for
spatial and taxonomic accuracy as follows: (i) melastomes, 178 species and 10,253
records of members of tribe Miconieae; (ii) bromeliads, 43 species and 4,606
records of members of the Ronnbergia/Wittmackia alliance; and (iii) Bignones, 132
species and 7,480 records of members of the “Fridericia and Allies” clade of tribe
Bignonieae (Lohmann, unpublished data; see Meyer et. al 2008 for further details
on this data set).
For each species, we used the locality data to generate a multiple convex polygon
representing its range, which was then converted into a gridded map (~5 km resolution). Maps of the individual species were then stacked, allowing us to compute the
total number of species per pixel. Information about the species composition at each
grid cell was then combined with published and novel data on the phylogenetic relationships among species of melastomes (Caddah 2013; Reginato and Michelangeli
2016; Goldenberg et al. 2018), bromeliads (Aguirre-Santoro et al. 2016), and bignones (Kaehler et al. 2019), to provide a measurement of phylogenetic diversity (PD)
per pixel, using Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index (Faith 1992). This metric quantifies the evolutionary history included in every community by adding the branch
lengths leading to each taxon present in the community (Faith 1992).
We also identified pixels holding high or low levels of phylogenetic endemism
(PE) by including information about the range of each species’ sister taxon
A. Paz et al.