116
in part because this foliage is easier to reach, yet spectral RS is most sensitive to
canopy- level foliar chemical and structural traits (Jacquemoud et al. 2009).
Additionally, most field-based trait studies do not include the use of a high-fidelity
field spectrometer, which must be applied on fresh foliage to ensure connectivity to
biotic and environmental conditions. Moreover, high-fidelity imaging spectrometers needed for mapping, such as the Global Airborne Observatory or AVIRIS,
demand stringent and consistent field and laboratory trait measurement practices.
Most of these issues can be remedied by incorporating one or more of the protocols
provided on the Spectranomics website (https://gdcs.asu.edu/labs/martinlab/spectranomics). More could be done to boost capacity throughout the science community to generate data suitable for Spectranomics-type applications. Community-wide
efforts to develop a global biodiversity monitoring system (Geller, Chap. 20) will
greatly enhance humanity’s ability to monitor and manage biodiversity for sustainability in the Anthropocene.
Acknowledgments I thank the Spectranomics scientific co-founder and programmatic funder,
Dr. Greg Asner, for the inspiration to write this piece. I also thank the numerous scientists, engineers, technicians, students, and supporters of the Spectranomics Project, which has been made
possible by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
References
Asner GP, Martin RE (2009) Airborne spectranomics: mapping canopy chemical and taxonomic
diversity in tropical forests. Front Ecol Environ 7:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1890/070152
Asner GP, Martin RE (2011) Canopy phylogenetic, chemical and spectral assembly in a lowland Amazonian forest. New Phytol 189:999–1012. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03549.x
Asner GP, Martin RE (2012) Contrasting leaf chemical traits in tropical lianas and trees: implications for future forest composition. Ecol Lett 15:1001–1007
Asner GP, Martin RE (2016) Convergent elevation trends in canopy chemical traits of tropical
forests. Glob Chang Biol 22:2216–2227. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13164
Asner GP, Martin RE, Knapp DE, Tupayachi R, Anderson C, Carranza L, Martinez P, Houcheime
M, Sinca F, Weiss P (2011) Spectroscopy of canopy chemicals in humid tropical forests.
Remote Sens Environ 115:3587–3598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.020
Asner GP, Knapp DE, Boardman J, Green RO, Kennedy-Bowdoin T, Eastwood M, Martin RE,
Anderson C, Field CB (2012a) Carnegie Airborne Observatory-2: increasing science data
dimensionality via high-fidelity multi-sensor fusion. Remote Sens Environ 124:454–465.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.012
Asner GP, Martin RE, Bin SA (2012b) Sources of canopy chemical and spectral diversity in lowland bornean forest. Ecosystems 15:504–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9526-2
Asner GP, Martin RE, Carranza-Jiménez L, Sinca F, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Martinez P
(2014a) Functional and biological diversity of foliar spectra in tree canopies throughout the
Andes to Amazon region. New Phytol 204:127–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12895
Asner GP, Martin RE, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Sinca F, Carranza-Jimenez L, Martinez P
(2014b) Amazonian functional diversity from forest canopy chemical assembly. Proc Natl
Acad Sci 111:5604–5609. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401181111
R. E. Martin
in part because this foliage is easier to reach, yet spectral RS is most sensitive to
canopy- level foliar chemical and structural traits (Jacquemoud et al. 2009).
Additionally, most field-based trait studies do not include the use of a high-fidelity
field spectrometer, which must be applied on fresh foliage to ensure connectivity to
biotic and environmental conditions. Moreover, high-fidelity imaging spectrometers needed for mapping, such as the Global Airborne Observatory or AVIRIS,
demand stringent and consistent field and laboratory trait measurement practices.
Most of these issues can be remedied by incorporating one or more of the protocols
provided on the Spectranomics website (https://gdcs.asu.edu/labs/martinlab/spectranomics). More could be done to boost capacity throughout the science community to generate data suitable for Spectranomics-type applications. Community-wide
efforts to develop a global biodiversity monitoring system (Geller, Chap. 20) will
greatly enhance humanity’s ability to monitor and manage biodiversity for sustainability in the Anthropocene.
Acknowledgments I thank the Spectranomics scientific co-founder and programmatic funder,
Dr. Greg Asner, for the inspiration to write this piece. I also thank the numerous scientists, engineers, technicians, students, and supporters of the Spectranomics Project, which has been made
possible by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
References
Asner GP, Martin RE (2009) Airborne spectranomics: mapping canopy chemical and taxonomic
diversity in tropical forests. Front Ecol Environ 7:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1890/070152
Asner GP, Martin RE (2011) Canopy phylogenetic, chemical and spectral assembly in a lowland Amazonian forest. New Phytol 189:999–1012. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03549.x
Asner GP, Martin RE (2012) Contrasting leaf chemical traits in tropical lianas and trees: implications for future forest composition. Ecol Lett 15:1001–1007
Asner GP, Martin RE (2016) Convergent elevation trends in canopy chemical traits of tropical
forests. Glob Chang Biol 22:2216–2227. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13164
Asner GP, Martin RE, Knapp DE, Tupayachi R, Anderson C, Carranza L, Martinez P, Houcheime
M, Sinca F, Weiss P (2011) Spectroscopy of canopy chemicals in humid tropical forests.
Remote Sens Environ 115:3587–3598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.020
Asner GP, Knapp DE, Boardman J, Green RO, Kennedy-Bowdoin T, Eastwood M, Martin RE,
Anderson C, Field CB (2012a) Carnegie Airborne Observatory-2: increasing science data
dimensionality via high-fidelity multi-sensor fusion. Remote Sens Environ 124:454–465.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.012
Asner GP, Martin RE, Bin SA (2012b) Sources of canopy chemical and spectral diversity in lowland bornean forest. Ecosystems 15:504–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9526-2
Asner GP, Martin RE, Carranza-Jiménez L, Sinca F, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Martinez P
(2014a) Functional and biological diversity of foliar spectra in tree canopies throughout the
Andes to Amazon region. New Phytol 204:127–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12895
Asner GP, Martin RE, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Sinca F, Carranza-Jimenez L, Martinez P
(2014b) Amazonian functional diversity from forest canopy chemical assembly. Proc Natl
Acad Sci 111:5604–5609. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1401181111
R. E. Martin