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V. Blazek and C. Blazek
supplementary oxygen in venous blood can also quantify the oxygen uptake (peripheral arterio-venous oxygen consumption/oxygen metabolism) by tissue surrounding
the site wherein the sensor is placed [23].
By consecutive measurements on one 67-year-old subject (two measurements per
day in ten days in total, n = 20), the local mean arteriovenous oxygen consumption of
16.8 ± 1.83% was determined. This value is smaller than expected. Venous oxygen
saturation measured invasively ranges from 53% to 80% [24, 25], whereas noninvasive measurement of venous oxygenation based of the pulsatility of the complex PPG
signal clusters around 80% [26]. Although the final experimental system realization
and clinical testing of the presented new PPG measurement approach is still to be
conducted, our preliminary results indicate that the expected results provide clinically relevant differences in saturation between the local arterial and venous blood
supply.
References
1. K. Golenhofen, Physiologie (Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, 1997). ISBN 3-541-16351-8
2. http://www.rudolf-deiml.homepage.t-online.de/Kapitel01.html
3. T. Aoyagi, Discovery of pulse oximetry. Anesth. Analg. 105(6 Suppl), 1–4 (2007)
4. G.A. Millikan, The oximeter: an instrument for measuring continuously oxygen-saturation of
arterial blood in man. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 13(10), 434–444 (1942)
5. J.A. Pologe, Pulse oximetry: technical aspects of machine design. Internat. Anesth. Clin. 25(3),
137–153 (1987)
6. J.G. Webster, Design of Pulse Oximeters. Taylor & Francis, (1997), ISBN 0750304677
7. B. Venema, H.M. Gehring, I. Michelsen, N. Blanik, V. Blazek, S. Leonhardt, Robustness,
specifity and reliability of a novel in-ear pulse oximetric sensor in surgical patients. IEEE J.
Biomed. Health Inform. 6, https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2292118, (2013)
8. J.J. Pretto, T. Roebuck, L. Beckert, G. Hamilton, Clinical use of pulse oximetry: official
guidelines from the thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand. Respirology 19(1), 38–46
(2014)
9. http://ethw.org/IEEE_Medal_for_Innovations_in_Healthcare_Technology
10. P.J. Fahey, K. Harris, C. Vanderwarf, Clinical experience with continuous monitoring of mixed
venous oxygen saturation in respiratory failure. Chest 86(5), 748–752 (1984)
11. US 7,263,359 B2 (2008) United State patent: venous pulse oximetry
12. DE 10 2011 122 700.1, German patent application: Bewegungskorreliertes Verfahren und
opto-elektronische Vorrichtung zur nichtinvasiven Bestimmung der dermalvenösen Sauerstoffversorgung peripherer Beingebiete (2011)
13. B.L. Horecker, The absorption spectra of hemoglobin and ist derivates in the visible and near
infra-red regions. J. Biol. Chem. 148, 173–183 (1943)
14. J. Kerner, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, V. Blazek, Digitale photoplethysmographie (D-PPG): klinische eignung der neuen messmethode zur venösen funktionsdiagnostik. Phlebol Proktol 18,
98–103 (1989)
15. J. Kerner, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, W. Lechner, Quantitative photoplethysmographie bei
gesunden erwachsenen, kindern und schwangeren und bei varizenpatienten. Phlebologie 21,
134–139 (1992)
16. V. Blazek, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, Quantitative Photoplethysmography. Basic facts and examination tests for evaluating peripheral vascular functions, (VDI Verlag Düsseldorf, 1996), ISBN
3-18-319220-9
V. Blazek and C. Blazek
supplementary oxygen in venous blood can also quantify the oxygen uptake (peripheral arterio-venous oxygen consumption/oxygen metabolism) by tissue surrounding
the site wherein the sensor is placed [23].
By consecutive measurements on one 67-year-old subject (two measurements per
day in ten days in total, n = 20), the local mean arteriovenous oxygen consumption of
16.8 ± 1.83% was determined. This value is smaller than expected. Venous oxygen
saturation measured invasively ranges from 53% to 80% [24, 25], whereas noninvasive measurement of venous oxygenation based of the pulsatility of the complex PPG
signal clusters around 80% [26]. Although the final experimental system realization
and clinical testing of the presented new PPG measurement approach is still to be
conducted, our preliminary results indicate that the expected results provide clinically relevant differences in saturation between the local arterial and venous blood
supply.
References
1. K. Golenhofen, Physiologie (Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, 1997). ISBN 3-541-16351-8
2. http://www.rudolf-deiml.homepage.t-online.de/Kapitel01.html
3. T. Aoyagi, Discovery of pulse oximetry. Anesth. Analg. 105(6 Suppl), 1–4 (2007)
4. G.A. Millikan, The oximeter: an instrument for measuring continuously oxygen-saturation of
arterial blood in man. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 13(10), 434–444 (1942)
5. J.A. Pologe, Pulse oximetry: technical aspects of machine design. Internat. Anesth. Clin. 25(3),
137–153 (1987)
6. J.G. Webster, Design of Pulse Oximeters. Taylor & Francis, (1997), ISBN 0750304677
7. B. Venema, H.M. Gehring, I. Michelsen, N. Blanik, V. Blazek, S. Leonhardt, Robustness,
specifity and reliability of a novel in-ear pulse oximetric sensor in surgical patients. IEEE J.
Biomed. Health Inform. 6, https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2292118, (2013)
8. J.J. Pretto, T. Roebuck, L. Beckert, G. Hamilton, Clinical use of pulse oximetry: official
guidelines from the thoracic society of Australia and New Zealand. Respirology 19(1), 38–46
(2014)
9. http://ethw.org/IEEE_Medal_for_Innovations_in_Healthcare_Technology
10. P.J. Fahey, K. Harris, C. Vanderwarf, Clinical experience with continuous monitoring of mixed
venous oxygen saturation in respiratory failure. Chest 86(5), 748–752 (1984)
11. US 7,263,359 B2 (2008) United State patent: venous pulse oximetry
12. DE 10 2011 122 700.1, German patent application: Bewegungskorreliertes Verfahren und
opto-elektronische Vorrichtung zur nichtinvasiven Bestimmung der dermalvenösen Sauerstoffversorgung peripherer Beingebiete (2011)
13. B.L. Horecker, The absorption spectra of hemoglobin and ist derivates in the visible and near
infra-red regions. J. Biol. Chem. 148, 173–183 (1943)
14. J. Kerner, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, V. Blazek, Digitale photoplethysmographie (D-PPG): klinische eignung der neuen messmethode zur venösen funktionsdiagnostik. Phlebol Proktol 18,
98–103 (1989)
15. J. Kerner, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, W. Lechner, Quantitative photoplethysmographie bei
gesunden erwachsenen, kindern und schwangeren und bei varizenpatienten. Phlebologie 21,
134–139 (1992)
16. V. Blazek, U. Schultz-Ehrenburg, Quantitative Photoplethysmography. Basic facts and examination tests for evaluating peripheral vascular functions, (VDI Verlag Düsseldorf, 1996), ISBN
3-18-319220-9