Nucleic Acids Res 41:e188–e188. https://doi.org/10.
1093/nar/gkt780
Jinek M, East A, Cheng A et al (2013) RNA-programmed
genome editing in human cells. Elife 2013:e00471.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A et al (2015a)
Callus induction and regeneration in Wolffia arrhiza (L.)
Horkel ex Wimm. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 120:263–
273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0603-4
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A et al (2015b)
Transformation of Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex
Wimm. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cul 123:299–307.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0834-z
Kim S, Kim D, Cho SW et al (2014) Highly efficient
RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via
delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Genome
Res 24:1012–1019. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.171322.
113
Ko SM, Sun HJ, Oh MJ et al (2011) Expression of the
protective antigen for PEDV in transgenic duckweed,
Lemna minor. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 52:511–515.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-011-0007-x
Kruse C, Boehm R, Voeste D et al (2002) Transient
transformation of Wollfia columbiana by particle
bombardment. Vitro 72:175–181
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnacea: a monographic study. Veroffentlichungen des Geobot Institutes der ETH Zurich, Stift Rubel 71:566
Landolt E (1994) Taxonomy and ecology of the section
wolffia of the genus wolffia (Lemnaceae).
Veröffentlichungen des Geobot Institutes der ETH,
Stift Rübel, Zürich 60:137–151
Lewis MA (1995) Use of freshwater plants for phytotoxicity testing: a review. Environ Pollut 87:319–336.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)P4164-J
Li R, Zhu H, Ruan J et al (2010) De novo assembly of
human genomes with massively parallel short read
sequencing. Genome Res 20:265–272. https://doi.org/
10.1101/gr.097261.109
Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM et al (2013) RNA-guided human
genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339:823–826.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
Marçais G, Kingsford C (2011) A fast, lock-free approach
for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of
k-mers. Bioinformatics 27:764–770. https://doi.org/
10.1093/bioinformatics/btr011)
Michael TP, Bryant D, Gutierrez R et al (2017) Comprehensive definition of genome features in Spirodela
polyrhiza by high-depth physical mapping and
short-read DNA sequencing strategies. Plant J
89:617–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13400
Nguyen LV, Cox KM, Ke JS et al (2012) Genetic
engineering of a Lemna isoleucine auxotroph. Transgenic Res 21:1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11248-012-9594-2
Ordon J, Gantner J, Kemna J et al (2017) Generation of
chromosomal deletions in dicotyledonous plants
employing a user-friendly genome editing toolkit.
Plant J 89:155–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13319
Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (2015) Genome editing with
engineered nucleases in plants. Plant Cell Physiol
56:389–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu170
Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J et al (2013) Genome
engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat
Protoc 8:2281–2308. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.
2013.143
Rechmann H, Friedrich A, Forouzan D et al (2007)
Characterization of photosynthetically active duckweed (Wolffia australiana) in vitro culture by respiration activity monitoring system (RAMOS).
Biotechnol Lett 29:971–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10529-007-9330-9
Rival S, Wisniewski JP, Langlais A et al (2008) Spirodela
(duckweed) as an alternative production system for
pharmaceuticals: a case study, aprotinin. Transgenic
Res 17:503–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-0079123-x
Samanta MK, Dey A, Gayen S (2016) CRISPR/Cas9: an
advanced tool for editing plant genomes. Transgenic
Res 25:561–573
Schiml S, Fauser F, Puchta H (2014) The CRISPR/Cas
system can be used as nuclease for in planta gene
targeting and as paired nickases for directed mutagenesis
in Arabidopsis resulting in heritable progeny. Plant J
80:1139–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12704
Schiml S, Puchta H (2016) Revolutionizing plant biology:
multiple ways of genome engineering by CRISPR/
Cas. Plant Methods 12:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s13007-016-0103-0
Singh R, Kuscu C, Quinlan A et al (2015)
Cas9-chromatin binding information enables more
accurate CRISPR off-target prediction. Nucleic Acids
Res 43:e118. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv575
Sonoda E, Hochegger H, Saberi A et al (2006) Differential
usage of non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination in double strand break repair.
DNA Repair (Amst) 5:1021–1029. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.022
Spencer D, Dickey LF, Gasdaska JR et al (2011)
Expression of Plasminogen and Microplasminogen
in Duckweed
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emirates J Food Agric 28:291–302. https://doi.org/10.
9755/ejfa.2016-01-038
Sree KS, Sudakaran S, Appenroth K-JJ (2015) How fast
can angiosperms grow? Species and clonal diversity of
growth rates in the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Acta
Physiol Plant 37:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738015-1951-3
Sternberg SH, Redding S, Jinek M et al (2014) DNA
interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9. Nature 507:62–67. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature13011
176
T. Reinard et al.
1093/nar/gkt780
Jinek M, East A, Cheng A et al (2013) RNA-programmed
genome editing in human cells. Elife 2013:e00471.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00471
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A et al (2015a)
Callus induction and regeneration in Wolffia arrhiza (L.)
Horkel ex Wimm. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult 120:263–
273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0603-4
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A et al (2015b)
Transformation of Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex
Wimm. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cul 123:299–307.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0834-z
Kim S, Kim D, Cho SW et al (2014) Highly efficient
RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via
delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. Genome
Res 24:1012–1019. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.171322.
113
Ko SM, Sun HJ, Oh MJ et al (2011) Expression of the
protective antigen for PEDV in transgenic duckweed,
Lemna minor. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 52:511–515.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-011-0007-x
Kruse C, Boehm R, Voeste D et al (2002) Transient
transformation of Wollfia columbiana by particle
bombardment. Vitro 72:175–181
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnacea: a monographic study. Veroffentlichungen des Geobot Institutes der ETH Zurich, Stift Rubel 71:566
Landolt E (1994) Taxonomy and ecology of the section
wolffia of the genus wolffia (Lemnaceae).
Veröffentlichungen des Geobot Institutes der ETH,
Stift Rübel, Zürich 60:137–151
Lewis MA (1995) Use of freshwater plants for phytotoxicity testing: a review. Environ Pollut 87:319–336.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)P4164-J
Li R, Zhu H, Ruan J et al (2010) De novo assembly of
human genomes with massively parallel short read
sequencing. Genome Res 20:265–272. https://doi.org/
10.1101/gr.097261.109
Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM et al (2013) RNA-guided human
genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339:823–826.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232033
Marçais G, Kingsford C (2011) A fast, lock-free approach
for efficient parallel counting of occurrences of
k-mers. Bioinformatics 27:764–770. https://doi.org/
10.1093/bioinformatics/btr011)
Michael TP, Bryant D, Gutierrez R et al (2017) Comprehensive definition of genome features in Spirodela
polyrhiza by high-depth physical mapping and
short-read DNA sequencing strategies. Plant J
89:617–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13400
Nguyen LV, Cox KM, Ke JS et al (2012) Genetic
engineering of a Lemna isoleucine auxotroph. Transgenic Res 21:1071–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11248-012-9594-2
Ordon J, Gantner J, Kemna J et al (2017) Generation of
chromosomal deletions in dicotyledonous plants
employing a user-friendly genome editing toolkit.
Plant J 89:155–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13319
Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (2015) Genome editing with
engineered nucleases in plants. Plant Cell Physiol
56:389–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu170
Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J et al (2013) Genome
engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat
Protoc 8:2281–2308. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.
2013.143
Rechmann H, Friedrich A, Forouzan D et al (2007)
Characterization of photosynthetically active duckweed (Wolffia australiana) in vitro culture by respiration activity monitoring system (RAMOS).
Biotechnol Lett 29:971–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10529-007-9330-9
Rival S, Wisniewski JP, Langlais A et al (2008) Spirodela
(duckweed) as an alternative production system for
pharmaceuticals: a case study, aprotinin. Transgenic
Res 17:503–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-0079123-x
Samanta MK, Dey A, Gayen S (2016) CRISPR/Cas9: an
advanced tool for editing plant genomes. Transgenic
Res 25:561–573
Schiml S, Fauser F, Puchta H (2014) The CRISPR/Cas
system can be used as nuclease for in planta gene
targeting and as paired nickases for directed mutagenesis
in Arabidopsis resulting in heritable progeny. Plant J
80:1139–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12704
Schiml S, Puchta H (2016) Revolutionizing plant biology:
multiple ways of genome engineering by CRISPR/
Cas. Plant Methods 12:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s13007-016-0103-0
Singh R, Kuscu C, Quinlan A et al (2015)
Cas9-chromatin binding information enables more
accurate CRISPR off-target prediction. Nucleic Acids
Res 43:e118. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv575
Sonoda E, Hochegger H, Saberi A et al (2006) Differential
usage of non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination in double strand break repair.
DNA Repair (Amst) 5:1021–1029. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.022
Spencer D, Dickey LF, Gasdaska JR et al (2011)
Expression of Plasminogen and Microplasminogen
in Duckweed
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emirates J Food Agric 28:291–302. https://doi.org/10.
9755/ejfa.2016-01-038
Sree KS, Sudakaran S, Appenroth K-JJ (2015) How fast
can angiosperms grow? Species and clonal diversity of
growth rates in the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Acta
Physiol Plant 37:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738015-1951-3
Sternberg SH, Redding S, Jinek M et al (2014) DNA
interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9. Nature 507:62–67. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature13011
176
T. Reinard et al.