191
mechanisms, 37
morphological changes, 43
3D collagen and alginate gel plugs, 44
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs),
149, 150
Endothelial lumen and tube formation, 4, 6–9,
11–13, 15–19
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 56, 57
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), 53, 75, 77,
78, 81, 83–86, 88, 93–95, 149, 150
Engler, A.J., 95
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 129
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 1–3, 5–8, 13, 15,
18–21, 23–27, 30, 38, 42–44,
53–55, 58–61, 63, 66, 141
angiogenesis, 74, 75, 105
biomaterial technologies, 106
cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, 74
early embryonic cells, 75
hypoxia-inducible factors, 76
hypoxic gradients, in vitro and in vivo, 104
light-sensitive hydrogels, 105
matrix hydrogels, 101–104
matrix mechanics, 93, 94, 97
mesodermal precursor populations, 96
microfluidic technology, 105
multicellular organisms on Earth, 73
neovascularization, 89, 90
and O 2 in vitro, 106
O 2 levels, 74
oxygen availability, 97
oxygen concentrations
angiogenic genes, 82, 83
cell death and survival, 83, 84
cell pluripotency and differentiation,
84, 85
metabolism and uptake rate, 81–82
oxygen gradients
in body, 76–79
vascular cells, 79–81
oxygen tensions, 76
dynamic and in vivo models, 100, 101
in tissues, 98
in vitro studies, 98
measurement techniques and
challenges, 97, 98
static models, 99–100
3D constructs, 98
vascular cell responses, 81
PFC, 106
photodegradable hydrogels, 105
physical orientation, 91, 93
tubulogenesis, 75
vascular engineering, 74, 75
vascular morphogenesis
degradation, 90, 91
properties, 88, 89
in synthetic hydrogels, 92
vascular tissue engineering, 106
vascularization
arterioles, 87
in body, 85
composition, 88
endothelial cell marker, 86
endothelial layer, 87
interstitial collagen I, 87
maturation and specialization, 87
mature ECs, 88
mature endothelium, 87
mechanoregulation, 95
network-organizing proteins, 88
oxygen tension, 76
VE-cadherin, 87
VEGF, 85, 86
vasculogenesis, 75, 86, 105
Extrusion-based printing
cell/bioink, 128
microvascular network creation, 128–130
principle, 127
vascular graft creation, 130
F
Factor-driven defined conditions, 28
Ferreira, L., 65
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 82, 159, 160
Fibroblasts, 142, 144, 150–152, 156, 157, 160
cardiac tissue engineering, 150, 151
Flow-induced shear stress, 42–44
Freiman, A., 151
Fukunishi, T., 130
G
Gao, Q., 128
Gelatin-methacrylate (GelMA), 129, 130, 132
Gerecht, S., 106
Gershlak, J.R., 157
Gliogenesis, 178
Glycosaminoglycans, 5
Grayson, W.L., 141–166
GTPase-activating protein (GAP), 10
Guillotin, B., 131
H
Hanjaya-Putra, D., 106
Hawthorne, R., 141–166
Index
mechanisms, 37
morphological changes, 43
3D collagen and alginate gel plugs, 44
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs),
149, 150
Endothelial lumen and tube formation, 4, 6–9,
11–13, 15–19
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 56, 57
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), 53, 75, 77,
78, 81, 83–86, 88, 93–95, 149, 150
Engler, A.J., 95
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 129
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 1–3, 5–8, 13, 15,
18–21, 23–27, 30, 38, 42–44,
53–55, 58–61, 63, 66, 141
angiogenesis, 74, 75, 105
biomaterial technologies, 106
cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, 74
early embryonic cells, 75
hypoxia-inducible factors, 76
hypoxic gradients, in vitro and in vivo, 104
light-sensitive hydrogels, 105
matrix hydrogels, 101–104
matrix mechanics, 93, 94, 97
mesodermal precursor populations, 96
microfluidic technology, 105
multicellular organisms on Earth, 73
neovascularization, 89, 90
and O 2 in vitro, 106
O 2 levels, 74
oxygen availability, 97
oxygen concentrations
angiogenic genes, 82, 83
cell death and survival, 83, 84
cell pluripotency and differentiation,
84, 85
metabolism and uptake rate, 81–82
oxygen gradients
in body, 76–79
vascular cells, 79–81
oxygen tensions, 76
dynamic and in vivo models, 100, 101
in tissues, 98
in vitro studies, 98
measurement techniques and
challenges, 97, 98
static models, 99–100
3D constructs, 98
vascular cell responses, 81
PFC, 106
photodegradable hydrogels, 105
physical orientation, 91, 93
tubulogenesis, 75
vascular engineering, 74, 75
vascular morphogenesis
degradation, 90, 91
properties, 88, 89
in synthetic hydrogels, 92
vascular tissue engineering, 106
vascularization
arterioles, 87
in body, 85
composition, 88
endothelial cell marker, 86
endothelial layer, 87
interstitial collagen I, 87
maturation and specialization, 87
mature ECs, 88
mature endothelium, 87
mechanoregulation, 95
network-organizing proteins, 88
oxygen tension, 76
VE-cadherin, 87
VEGF, 85, 86
vasculogenesis, 75, 86, 105
Extrusion-based printing
cell/bioink, 128
microvascular network creation, 128–130
principle, 127
vascular graft creation, 130
F
Factor-driven defined conditions, 28
Ferreira, L., 65
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 82, 159, 160
Fibroblasts, 142, 144, 150–152, 156, 157, 160
cardiac tissue engineering, 150, 151
Flow-induced shear stress, 42–44
Freiman, A., 151
Fukunishi, T., 130
G
Gao, Q., 128
Gelatin-methacrylate (GelMA), 129, 130, 132
Gerecht, S., 106
Gershlak, J.R., 157
Gliogenesis, 178
Glycosaminoglycans, 5
Grayson, W.L., 141–166
GTPase-activating protein (GAP), 10
Guillotin, B., 131
H
Hanjaya-Putra, D., 106
Hawthorne, R., 141–166
Index