7. Choose appropriate FEG register for STEM imaging and insert a large condenser aperture for alignment. After basic alignments, insert an appropriate
small aperture (10 or 20-micron apertures usually).
8. Dose for plastic sections is about 100 times larger than for CSTET.
References
1. A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, L.M. Welter, A high-resolution scanning electron microscope. J. Appl.
Phys. 39(13), 5861–5868 (1968). doi:10.1063/1.1656079
2. J. Wall, J. Langmore, M. Isaacson, A.V. Crewe, Scanning-transmission electron microscopy
at high resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71(1), 1–5 (1974). doi:10.1073/pnas.71.1.1
3. R. Grimm, D. Typke, M. Barmann, W. Baumeister, Determination of the inelastic mean free
path in ice by examination of tilted vesicles and automated most probable loss imaging.
Ultramicroscopy 63(3–4), 169–179 (1996). doi:10.1016/0304-3991(96)00035-6
4. A.N. Stroud, L.M. Welter, D.A. Resh, D.A. Habeck, A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, Scanning electron
microscopy of cells. Science 164(3881), 830–832 (1969). doi:10.1126/science.164.3881.830
5. A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, A scanning microscope with 5 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 48(3), 375–
393 (1970). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(70)90052-5
6. E. Kellenberger, E. Carlemalm, W. Villiger, M. Wurtz, C. Mory, C. Colliex, Z-Contrast in
biology—a comparison with other imaging modes. Ann. Ny. Acad. Sci. 483, 202–228
(1986). doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb34522.x
7. C. Colliex, C. Mory, A.L. Olins, D.E. Olins, M. Tencé, Energy filtered STEM imaging of
thick biological sections. J. Microsc. 153(Pt 1), 1–21 (1989). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1989.
tb00588.x
8. C. Colliex, C. Mory, Scanning transmission electron microscopy of biological structures.
Biol. Cell 80(2–3), 175–180 (1994)
9. A. Engel, in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications, ed. by P.
W. Hawkes, Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, vol 159. Cold Field Emission and
the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. Elsevier, pp 357–386 (2009). doi:10.1016/
s1076-5670(09)59009-x
10. A. Engel, Molecular weight determination by scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Ultramicroscopy 3, 273–281 (1978). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3991(78)80037-0
11. R. Freeman, K.R. Leonard, Comparative mass measurement of biological macromolecules
by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Microsc. 122(3), 275–286 (1981)
12. J.S. Wall, J.F. Hainfeld, Mass mapping with the scanning transmission electron microscope.
Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 15(1), 355–376 (1986). doi:10.1146/annurev.bb.15.
060186.002035
13. S.A. Muller, A. Engel, Structure and mass analysis by scanning transmission electron
microscopy. Micron (Oxford, England: 1993) 32(1), 21–31 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0968-4328
(00)00022-6
14. A.A. Sousa, R.D. Leapman, Development and application of STEM for the biological
sciences. Ultramicroscopy 123, 38–49 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.04.005
15. D.C. Bell, W.K. Thomas, K.M. Murtagh, C.A. Dionne, A.C. Graham, J.E. Anderson, W.R.
Glover, DNA base identification by electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 18(5), 1049–
1053 (2012). doi:10.1017/S1431927612012615
16. N. de Jonge, F.M. Ross, Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6
(11), 695–704 (2011). doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.161
17. T. Klein, E. Buhr, G.C. Frase, in Chapter 6—TSEM: A Review of Scanning Electron
Microscopy in Transmission Mode and Its Applications, ed by W.H. Peter. Advances in
2 STEM Tomography in Biology
55
small aperture (10 or 20-micron apertures usually).
8. Dose for plastic sections is about 100 times larger than for CSTET.
References
1. A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, L.M. Welter, A high-resolution scanning electron microscope. J. Appl.
Phys. 39(13), 5861–5868 (1968). doi:10.1063/1.1656079
2. J. Wall, J. Langmore, M. Isaacson, A.V. Crewe, Scanning-transmission electron microscopy
at high resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 71(1), 1–5 (1974). doi:10.1073/pnas.71.1.1
3. R. Grimm, D. Typke, M. Barmann, W. Baumeister, Determination of the inelastic mean free
path in ice by examination of tilted vesicles and automated most probable loss imaging.
Ultramicroscopy 63(3–4), 169–179 (1996). doi:10.1016/0304-3991(96)00035-6
4. A.N. Stroud, L.M. Welter, D.A. Resh, D.A. Habeck, A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, Scanning electron
microscopy of cells. Science 164(3881), 830–832 (1969). doi:10.1126/science.164.3881.830
5. A.V. Crewe, J. Wall, A scanning microscope with 5 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 48(3), 375–
393 (1970). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(70)90052-5
6. E. Kellenberger, E. Carlemalm, W. Villiger, M. Wurtz, C. Mory, C. Colliex, Z-Contrast in
biology—a comparison with other imaging modes. Ann. Ny. Acad. Sci. 483, 202–228
(1986). doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb34522.x
7. C. Colliex, C. Mory, A.L. Olins, D.E. Olins, M. Tencé, Energy filtered STEM imaging of
thick biological sections. J. Microsc. 153(Pt 1), 1–21 (1989). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1989.
tb00588.x
8. C. Colliex, C. Mory, Scanning transmission electron microscopy of biological structures.
Biol. Cell 80(2–3), 175–180 (1994)
9. A. Engel, in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications, ed. by P.
W. Hawkes, Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, vol 159. Cold Field Emission and
the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope. Elsevier, pp 357–386 (2009). doi:10.1016/
s1076-5670(09)59009-x
10. A. Engel, Molecular weight determination by scanning transmission electron microscopy.
Ultramicroscopy 3, 273–281 (1978). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3991(78)80037-0
11. R. Freeman, K.R. Leonard, Comparative mass measurement of biological macromolecules
by scanning transmission electron microscopy. J. Microsc. 122(3), 275–286 (1981)
12. J.S. Wall, J.F. Hainfeld, Mass mapping with the scanning transmission electron microscope.
Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 15(1), 355–376 (1986). doi:10.1146/annurev.bb.15.
060186.002035
13. S.A. Muller, A. Engel, Structure and mass analysis by scanning transmission electron
microscopy. Micron (Oxford, England: 1993) 32(1), 21–31 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0968-4328
(00)00022-6
14. A.A. Sousa, R.D. Leapman, Development and application of STEM for the biological
sciences. Ultramicroscopy 123, 38–49 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.04.005
15. D.C. Bell, W.K. Thomas, K.M. Murtagh, C.A. Dionne, A.C. Graham, J.E. Anderson, W.R.
Glover, DNA base identification by electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 18(5), 1049–
1053 (2012). doi:10.1017/S1431927612012615
16. N. de Jonge, F.M. Ross, Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6
(11), 695–704 (2011). doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.161
17. T. Klein, E. Buhr, G.C. Frase, in Chapter 6—TSEM: A Review of Scanning Electron
Microscopy in Transmission Mode and Its Applications, ed by W.H. Peter. Advances in
2 STEM Tomography in Biology
55