Struct Bond (2020) 183: 105–154
https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2020_56
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Published online: 28 August 2020
Photoactive Molecules within MOFs
Heidi Annemarie Schwartz and Uwe Ruschewitz
Contents
1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.1 Photochromism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.2 Solvatochromism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
1.4 Implementing Photoswitches into MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2 Switch@MOF Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.1 Stilbenes in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.2 Azobenzene and Its Derivatives in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.3 Diarylethenes in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2.4 Spiropyrans in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.5 Spirooxazines in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Abstract Photochromic molecules have been considered to be applied in responsive functional materials. Recently, the combination of a porous host matrix and
these photoactive species has become an emerging field of research. Especially the
use of crystalline nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as host materials
has proven to be very promising. The combination of crystallinity and the ability to
be systematically functionalized is one of the main advantages of these porous host
materials. The resulting switch@MOF hybrid systems exhibit fascinating and even
surprising properties ranging from the “simple” possibility of solid-state switching to
remote control gas uptake and conductance photoswitching. After a short
H. A. Schwartz
Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria
e-mail: heidi.schwartz@uibk.ac.at
U. Ruschewitz (*)
Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
e-mail: uwe.ruschewitz@uni-koeln.de
https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2020_56
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Published online: 28 August 2020
Photoactive Molecules within MOFs
Heidi Annemarie Schwartz and Uwe Ruschewitz
Contents
1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.1 Photochromism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.2 Solvatochromism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
1.4 Implementing Photoswitches into MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2 Switch@MOF Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.1 Stilbenes in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.2 Azobenzene and Its Derivatives in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.3 Diarylethenes in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2.4 Spiropyrans in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.5 Spirooxazines in MOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Abstract Photochromic molecules have been considered to be applied in responsive functional materials. Recently, the combination of a porous host matrix and
these photoactive species has become an emerging field of research. Especially the
use of crystalline nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as host materials
has proven to be very promising. The combination of crystallinity and the ability to
be systematically functionalized is one of the main advantages of these porous host
materials. The resulting switch@MOF hybrid systems exhibit fascinating and even
surprising properties ranging from the “simple” possibility of solid-state switching to
remote control gas uptake and conductance photoswitching. After a short
H. A. Schwartz
Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria
e-mail: heidi.schwartz@uibk.ac.at
U. Ruschewitz (*)
Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
e-mail: uwe.ruschewitz@uni-koeln.de