detection of acetamiprid is concerned, the proposed impedimetric biosensor is more
sensitive than conventional instrumental methods and the aptasensor reported by Fan
et al. but lower detection limits of 17–33 fM are reached by other impedimetric
biosensors [96, 97]. The developed aptasensor reported the lowest detection limit for
atrazine at this time.
Bisphenol A is an organic monomer and is widely used in the chemical industry
for manufacturing polycarbonate plastics. In food packaging, it was used, for
example, in beverage bottles, baby bottles, and medical devices [98]. Due to its
toxicity and harmful endocrine disrupting activity, bisphenol A was banned in baby
bottles since 2010 [99]. In recent years, several impedimetric aptasensors against
bisphenol A were developed, which allow quick and easy measurement. These
sensors reached detection limits of 45 fM [80], 10 fM [81], and 7.2 fM [82],
which are the lowest compared to other biosensors.
3.3 An Outlook on Environmental Application
of Impedimetric Biosensors
The detection and quantification of pathogens and chemical agents are of great
importance for water and environmental analysis. The classical methods such as
HPLC and GC/MS are usually time-consuming and require highly qualified personnel and highly developed equipment. Therefore, new technologies are constantly
being developed. Aptasensors are real-time measurements of different targets in the
environment with high sensitivity and specificity (see Fig. 9).
The aptasensors presented here were able to withstand the interference of complex matrices and can therefore be used for determination in environmental samples.
In addition, the detection process with these aptasensors usually only takes 3 h. To
improve detection, the aptamers used should be optimized by shortening and
stabilizing so that cross sensitivities are reduced. Furthermore, the reproducibility
and also the possibility of regeneration must be further investigated.
4 Impedimetric Aptasensors for Food Control
White biotechnology is descriptive for industrial processes to generate products
useful for us humans such as chemicals and food. The role of biotechnology in the
food industry is copious, ranging from increasing productivity in food manufacturing and handling to fabrication of food additives and preservatives [100]. During
growth, fermentation, and processing, the food can be contaminated with microorganisms or toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are
600 million cases of foodborne diseases every year worldwide. The economic
burden of foodborne diseases in Europe is about 171 million US$ per year
Impedimetric Aptamer-Based Biosensors: Applications
67
sensitive than conventional instrumental methods and the aptasensor reported by Fan
et al. but lower detection limits of 17–33 fM are reached by other impedimetric
biosensors [96, 97]. The developed aptasensor reported the lowest detection limit for
atrazine at this time.
Bisphenol A is an organic monomer and is widely used in the chemical industry
for manufacturing polycarbonate plastics. In food packaging, it was used, for
example, in beverage bottles, baby bottles, and medical devices [98]. Due to its
toxicity and harmful endocrine disrupting activity, bisphenol A was banned in baby
bottles since 2010 [99]. In recent years, several impedimetric aptasensors against
bisphenol A were developed, which allow quick and easy measurement. These
sensors reached detection limits of 45 fM [80], 10 fM [81], and 7.2 fM [82],
which are the lowest compared to other biosensors.
3.3 An Outlook on Environmental Application
of Impedimetric Biosensors
The detection and quantification of pathogens and chemical agents are of great
importance for water and environmental analysis. The classical methods such as
HPLC and GC/MS are usually time-consuming and require highly qualified personnel and highly developed equipment. Therefore, new technologies are constantly
being developed. Aptasensors are real-time measurements of different targets in the
environment with high sensitivity and specificity (see Fig. 9).
The aptasensors presented here were able to withstand the interference of complex matrices and can therefore be used for determination in environmental samples.
In addition, the detection process with these aptasensors usually only takes 3 h. To
improve detection, the aptamers used should be optimized by shortening and
stabilizing so that cross sensitivities are reduced. Furthermore, the reproducibility
and also the possibility of regeneration must be further investigated.
4 Impedimetric Aptasensors for Food Control
White biotechnology is descriptive for industrial processes to generate products
useful for us humans such as chemicals and food. The role of biotechnology in the
food industry is copious, ranging from increasing productivity in food manufacturing and handling to fabrication of food additives and preservatives [100]. During
growth, fermentation, and processing, the food can be contaminated with microorganisms or toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there are
600 million cases of foodborne diseases every year worldwide. The economic
burden of foodborne diseases in Europe is about 171 million US$ per year
Impedimetric Aptamer-Based Biosensors: Applications
67