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36. Biancoa M, Sonatob A, de Girolamoc A et al (2017) An aptamer-based SPR-polarization
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with high sensitivity and selectivity. Chem Commun:5220–5222
40. Jarczewska M, Górski L, Malinowska E (2016) Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors as
potential tools for clinical diagnostics. Anal Methods 8:3861–3877
41. Hamaguchi N, Ellington A, Stanton M (2001) Aptamer beacons for the direct detection of
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44. Healy J, Lewis S, Kurz M et al (2004) Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of novel aptamer
compositions. Pharm Res 21:2234–2246
45. Vater A, Klussmann S (2015) Turning mirror-image oligonucleotides into drugs: the evolution
of Spiegelmer(®) therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 20(1):147–155
46. Röthlisberger P, Gasse C, Hollenstein M (2017) Nucleic acid aptamers: emerging applications
in medical imaging, nanotechnology, neurosciences, and drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 18:e2430
47. Ni S, Yao H, Wang L et al (2017) Chemical modifications of nucleic acid aptamers for
therapeutic purposes. Int J Mol Sci 18:e1683
48. Eulberg D, Klussmann S (2003) Spiegelmers: biostable aptamers. Chembiochem 4:979–983
49. Rofstad EK, Galappathi K, Mathiesen BS (2014) Tumor interstitial fluid pressure – a link
between tumor hypoxia, microvascular density, and lymph node metastasis. Neoplasia
16:586–594
50. Kovacevic K, Gilbert J, Jilma B (2010) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of
aptamers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 134:36–50
51. Vorobyeva M, Vorobjev P, Venyaminova A (2016) Multivalent aptamers: versatile tools for
diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Molecules 21:E1613
52. Lei Y, Qiao Z, Tang J et al (2018) DNA nanotriangle-scaffolded activatable aptamer
probe with ultralow background and robust stability for cancer theranostics. Theranostics
8:4062–4071
53. Lei Y, He X, Tang J (2018) Ultra-pH-responsive split i-motif based aptamer anchoring
strategy for specific activatable imaging of acidic tumor microenvironment. Chem Commun
54(73):10288–10291
54. Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M (2015) Advancing biomedical imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
112:14424–14428
55. Weissleder R, Mahmood U (2001) Molecular imaging. Radiology 219:316–333
56. Lecchi M, Ottobrini L, Martelli C et al (2007) Instrumentation and probes for molecular and
cellular imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51:111–126
57. Hicke B, Stephens A, Gould T et al (2006) Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J Nucl Med
47:668–678
58. Bouvier-Müller A, Ducongé F (2018) Application of aptamers for in vivo molecular imaging
and theranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 134:94–106
158
V. Calzada
287:820–825
34. Musumeci D, Platella C, Riccardi C et al (2017) Fluorescence sensing using DNA aptamers in
cancer research and clinical diagnostics. Cancers 9(12):174
35. di Primo C, Dausse E, Toulmé JJ (2011) Surface plasmon resonance investigation of RNA
aptamer-RNA ligand interactions. Methods Mol Biol 764:279–300
36. Biancoa M, Sonatob A, de Girolamoc A et al (2017) An aptamer-based SPR-polarization
platform for high sensitive OTA detection. Sens Act B 241:314–320
37. Wang F, Cao S, Yan R et al (2017) Selectivity/specificity improvement strategies in surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis. Sensors 17(11):E2689
38. Kukushkin VI, Ivanov NM, Novoseltseva AA et al (2019) Highly sensitive detection of
influenza virus with SERS aptasensor. PLoS One 14:e0216247
39. Wang Y, Wei H, Li B et al (2007) SERS opens a new way in aptasensor for protein recognition
with high sensitivity and selectivity. Chem Commun:5220–5222
40. Jarczewska M, Górski L, Malinowska E (2016) Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors as
potential tools for clinical diagnostics. Anal Methods 8:3861–3877
41. Hamaguchi N, Ellington A, Stanton M (2001) Aptamer beacons for the direct detection of
proteins. Anal Biochem 294:126–131
42. Radi A, Acero Sánchez J, Baldrich E et al (2006) Reagentless, reusable, ultrasensitive
electrochemical molecular beacon aptasensor. J Am Chem Soc 128:117–124
43. Ciancio DR, Vargas MR, Thiel WH et al (2018) Aptamers as diagnostic tools in cancer.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 11(3):86
44. Healy J, Lewis S, Kurz M et al (2004) Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of novel aptamer
compositions. Pharm Res 21:2234–2246
45. Vater A, Klussmann S (2015) Turning mirror-image oligonucleotides into drugs: the evolution
of Spiegelmer(®) therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 20(1):147–155
46. Röthlisberger P, Gasse C, Hollenstein M (2017) Nucleic acid aptamers: emerging applications
in medical imaging, nanotechnology, neurosciences, and drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 18:e2430
47. Ni S, Yao H, Wang L et al (2017) Chemical modifications of nucleic acid aptamers for
therapeutic purposes. Int J Mol Sci 18:e1683
48. Eulberg D, Klussmann S (2003) Spiegelmers: biostable aptamers. Chembiochem 4:979–983
49. Rofstad EK, Galappathi K, Mathiesen BS (2014) Tumor interstitial fluid pressure – a link
between tumor hypoxia, microvascular density, and lymph node metastasis. Neoplasia
16:586–594
50. Kovacevic K, Gilbert J, Jilma B (2010) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of
aptamers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 134:36–50
51. Vorobyeva M, Vorobjev P, Venyaminova A (2016) Multivalent aptamers: versatile tools for
diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Molecules 21:E1613
52. Lei Y, Qiao Z, Tang J et al (2018) DNA nanotriangle-scaffolded activatable aptamer
probe with ultralow background and robust stability for cancer theranostics. Theranostics
8:4062–4071
53. Lei Y, He X, Tang J (2018) Ultra-pH-responsive split i-motif based aptamer anchoring
strategy for specific activatable imaging of acidic tumor microenvironment. Chem Commun
54(73):10288–10291
54. Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M (2015) Advancing biomedical imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
112:14424–14428
55. Weissleder R, Mahmood U (2001) Molecular imaging. Radiology 219:316–333
56. Lecchi M, Ottobrini L, Martelli C et al (2007) Instrumentation and probes for molecular and
cellular imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51:111–126
57. Hicke B, Stephens A, Gould T et al (2006) Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J Nucl Med
47:668–678
58. Bouvier-Müller A, Ducongé F (2018) Application of aptamers for in vivo molecular imaging
and theranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 134:94–106
158
V. Calzada