agents. The result obtained due to the process of bioaugmentation with all the tested
strains and the application of biostimulation enhances in maximum atrazine biodegradation which varies from 97 to 100%.The biodegradation half-life and modeling
using first-order kinetic model were applied in establishing the kinetics of atrazine
biodegradation in the soil. It was observed that the rate of the constants (k1) of
atrazine biodegradation in the soil where bioaugmentation with Aspergillus niger,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis, while the fungal and the bacterial
consortium vary from 0.059 and 0.191 day
À1 . Also, it was detected that the soil
exposed to natural bioattenuation, biostimulation, and joint bioaugmentation and
biostimulation are 0.026, 0.164, and 0.279 day
À1 , respectively. The half-life (t1/2) of
atrazine ecoretordation in soil when exposed to natural bioattenuation was affirmed
to be 26.7 days. The best ecorestoration effectiveness showed the following strategies with the following treatments in the following trends like combined
bioaugmentation and biostimulation > Bioaugmentation with bacterial–fungal consortium > Biostimulation with poultry droppings > Bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bioaugmentation with Bacillus subtilis > Bioaugmentation
with Aspergillus niger > Natural bioattenuation.
Soil co-contaminated with organics and metals has been identified to entail some
significant challenges for remediation. The availability of metal contamination can
prevent or destroy the activity of microbial degradation of organic pollutants such as
operative in situ biodegradation most especially utilizing bioaugmentation. Pepper
et al. (2002) evaluated the bioremediation process of 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB) and
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) available in two various soil entailing cadmium (Cd) contamination and without the presence of cadmium (Cd) contamination.
The potential of bioaugmentation in facilitating the process of organic degradation in
these processes was also evaluated. The authors also assessed the level of degradation could be linked to the plasmid transference to native microbial populations
(gene bioaugmentation) or survival of the introduced organism used for the process
of bioaugmentation. It was observed that 2,4-D-degrading bacterium, Ralstonia
eutropha JMP134 improved the rate of 2,4-D degradation when tested in Brazito
soil that was inoculated with a Cd-resistant bacterium. Moreover, it was also
established that the application of Escherichia coli Dll, which does not possessed
chromosomal genes which could be utilized for widespread 2,4-D mineralization,
was utilized for the process of gene bioaugmentation in Madera soil. Furthermore, it
was observed that an enhanced gene transfer of the plasmid to the native populations
was recorded and the rate of 2,4-D degradation was improved in comparison to that
of the control. Also, it was established that Comamonas testosterone was applied in
the process of cell bioaugmentation which was shown to validate that it plays a
crucial role in the rate of bioremediation of 3-CB in Madera soil while
non-bioaugmented samples evaluated with Madera soil exhibited a total 2,4-D
degradation but non-bioaugmented Brazito soils demonstrates partial 2,4-D degradation. Their study established that the application of gene bioaugmentation and cell
bioaugmentation could be utilized for biodegradation of organic degradation in
15 Bioaugmentation: A Powerful Biotechnological Techniques for Sustainable. . .
385
strains and the application of biostimulation enhances in maximum atrazine biodegradation which varies from 97 to 100%.The biodegradation half-life and modeling
using first-order kinetic model were applied in establishing the kinetics of atrazine
biodegradation in the soil. It was observed that the rate of the constants (k1) of
atrazine biodegradation in the soil where bioaugmentation with Aspergillus niger,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis, while the fungal and the bacterial
consortium vary from 0.059 and 0.191 day
À1 . Also, it was detected that the soil
exposed to natural bioattenuation, biostimulation, and joint bioaugmentation and
biostimulation are 0.026, 0.164, and 0.279 day
À1 , respectively. The half-life (t1/2) of
atrazine ecoretordation in soil when exposed to natural bioattenuation was affirmed
to be 26.7 days. The best ecorestoration effectiveness showed the following strategies with the following treatments in the following trends like combined
bioaugmentation and biostimulation > Bioaugmentation with bacterial–fungal consortium > Biostimulation with poultry droppings > Bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bioaugmentation with Bacillus subtilis > Bioaugmentation
with Aspergillus niger > Natural bioattenuation.
Soil co-contaminated with organics and metals has been identified to entail some
significant challenges for remediation. The availability of metal contamination can
prevent or destroy the activity of microbial degradation of organic pollutants such as
operative in situ biodegradation most especially utilizing bioaugmentation. Pepper
et al. (2002) evaluated the bioremediation process of 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB) and
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) available in two various soil entailing cadmium (Cd) contamination and without the presence of cadmium (Cd) contamination.
The potential of bioaugmentation in facilitating the process of organic degradation in
these processes was also evaluated. The authors also assessed the level of degradation could be linked to the plasmid transference to native microbial populations
(gene bioaugmentation) or survival of the introduced organism used for the process
of bioaugmentation. It was observed that 2,4-D-degrading bacterium, Ralstonia
eutropha JMP134 improved the rate of 2,4-D degradation when tested in Brazito
soil that was inoculated with a Cd-resistant bacterium. Moreover, it was also
established that the application of Escherichia coli Dll, which does not possessed
chromosomal genes which could be utilized for widespread 2,4-D mineralization,
was utilized for the process of gene bioaugmentation in Madera soil. Furthermore, it
was observed that an enhanced gene transfer of the plasmid to the native populations
was recorded and the rate of 2,4-D degradation was improved in comparison to that
of the control. Also, it was established that Comamonas testosterone was applied in
the process of cell bioaugmentation which was shown to validate that it plays a
crucial role in the rate of bioremediation of 3-CB in Madera soil while
non-bioaugmented samples evaluated with Madera soil exhibited a total 2,4-D
degradation but non-bioaugmented Brazito soils demonstrates partial 2,4-D degradation. Their study established that the application of gene bioaugmentation and cell
bioaugmentation could be utilized for biodegradation of organic degradation in
15 Bioaugmentation: A Powerful Biotechnological Techniques for Sustainable. . .
385