responsible for the process of bioaugmentation. Moreover, the movement of horizontal gene transfer during the process of bioaugmentation such as transformation,
conjugation, and transduction is also highlighted. Future recommendation and useful
suggestion are also highlighted which could boost the application of
bioaugmentation for bioremediation of polluted environment.
Keywords Bioaugmentation · Bioremediation · Microorganisms · Environment ·
Gene · Contaminants
15.1 Introduction
The drastic advancement in the technological development and the dynamic civilization coupled with high rate of industrialization, intensive application of large-scale
heavy metals, wars and chemical xenobiotic have led to several environmental and
health hazards (Bayat et al. 2015; Akhtar et al. 2003). Typical examples of such
pollutants include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, petroleum products
(Belanger 2010, Chatterjee and Lefcovitch 2014), chloro- and nitrophenols and their
derivatives, organic dyes, and heavy metals (Mohamed et al. 2016; Rodgers-Vieira
et al. 2015; Smułek et al. 2015; Wasilkowski et al. 2014; Wojcieszyńska et al. 2013,
2014; Greń et al. 2010).
The application of agricultural pesticides for the management of agricultural pest
and the consumption of pesticides for agricultural purposes was approximated up to
2.36 million tons (Moreno-Medina et al. 2014). The continuous application of these
pesticides may lead to several adverse effects on the beneficial component of the
ecosystem such as human, soil structure, soil enzymes, and soil microorganisms
because pesticides also have a detrimental effect to non-target organisms (MorenoMedina et al. 2014; Mesnage et al. 2014; Roberts and Karr 2012).
Furthermore, it has been highlighted that some metabolites of some pesticides are
also toxic and may be a major source of soil contamination. For example,
2,4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol are the significant metabolite derived from
2,4-dichloropenoxy acetic acid and p-nitrophenol degradation (Herrera et al. 2008;
Wojcieszyńska et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2007; Gallizia et al. 2003).
Therefore, there is a need to search for a sustainable and biological solution that
could lead to bioremediation of these heavily contaminated environment. The
application of some beneficial microorganism have been highlighted as a sustainable
biotechnological solution that could mitigate all the highlighted environmental
hazards and contamination (Adetunji et al. 2017, 2018, 2019a, b, 2020; Adetunji
and Adejumo 2017, 2018, 2019). This might be linked to the fact that they possess
the capability to biodegrade all the hazardous and synthetic pollutants (Lade et al.
2015; Kaczorek et al. 2013).
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C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani
conjugation, and transduction is also highlighted. Future recommendation and useful
suggestion are also highlighted which could boost the application of
bioaugmentation for bioremediation of polluted environment.
Keywords Bioaugmentation · Bioremediation · Microorganisms · Environment ·
Gene · Contaminants
15.1 Introduction
The drastic advancement in the technological development and the dynamic civilization coupled with high rate of industrialization, intensive application of large-scale
heavy metals, wars and chemical xenobiotic have led to several environmental and
health hazards (Bayat et al. 2015; Akhtar et al. 2003). Typical examples of such
pollutants include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, petroleum products
(Belanger 2010, Chatterjee and Lefcovitch 2014), chloro- and nitrophenols and their
derivatives, organic dyes, and heavy metals (Mohamed et al. 2016; Rodgers-Vieira
et al. 2015; Smułek et al. 2015; Wasilkowski et al. 2014; Wojcieszyńska et al. 2013,
2014; Greń et al. 2010).
The application of agricultural pesticides for the management of agricultural pest
and the consumption of pesticides for agricultural purposes was approximated up to
2.36 million tons (Moreno-Medina et al. 2014). The continuous application of these
pesticides may lead to several adverse effects on the beneficial component of the
ecosystem such as human, soil structure, soil enzymes, and soil microorganisms
because pesticides also have a detrimental effect to non-target organisms (MorenoMedina et al. 2014; Mesnage et al. 2014; Roberts and Karr 2012).
Furthermore, it has been highlighted that some metabolites of some pesticides are
also toxic and may be a major source of soil contamination. For example,
2,4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol are the significant metabolite derived from
2,4-dichloropenoxy acetic acid and p-nitrophenol degradation (Herrera et al. 2008;
Wojcieszyńska et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2007; Gallizia et al. 2003).
Therefore, there is a need to search for a sustainable and biological solution that
could lead to bioremediation of these heavily contaminated environment. The
application of some beneficial microorganism have been highlighted as a sustainable
biotechnological solution that could mitigate all the highlighted environmental
hazards and contamination (Adetunji et al. 2017, 2018, 2019a, b, 2020; Adetunji
and Adejumo 2017, 2018, 2019). This might be linked to the fact that they possess
the capability to biodegrade all the hazardous and synthetic pollutants (Lade et al.
2015; Kaczorek et al. 2013).
374
C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani