Table 11.2 Fungal biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
Microorganism
Hydrocarbon
(initial
concentration)
Growth
conditions
Rate of degradation References
Penicillium
simplicissimum YK
n-Alkanes
C30–C40
[0.10% (w/v)]
Two branched
alkanes (pristane
and squalene) 5%
(w/v) and Plysurf
A210G 0.001%
(w/v) (dispersant)
14 days
26–51%
YamadaOnodera
et al. (2002)
Aspergillus niger
Crude oil
(C11–C30)
[1%
(v/v) ¼ 1.2 g/
100 mL]
29
C, 60 days;
flasks shaken
manually at regular intervals to
allow adequate
mixing and
homogeneity of
the contents
nC17/pristine and
nC18/Phytane ratios
decreased from the
initial value of
2.510 and 7.289 to
0.132 and 0.474
Mittal and
Singh
(2009)
Fusarium solani and
Rhodotorula glutinis
Pyrene
(40 mg/L)
27
C for
20 days, in a
rotary shaker at
140 rpm, in
darkness
F. solani 68%
R. glutinis 63%
Romero
et al. (2002)
Aspergillus
sp. RFC-1
Crude oil,
naphthalene
(NAP), phenanthrene
(PHE), and
pyrene (PYR)
(20 mg L)
30
C and
120 rpm, 7 days
Crude oil ¼ 60.3%
NAP ¼ 97.4%
PHE ¼ 84.9%
PYR ¼ 90.7%
Al-Hawash
et al.
(2018b)
A. niger,
A. fumigatus
Fusarium sp.,
P. funiculosum
Crude oil on
agar plates
[2% (w/w)]
25
C
28 days
95% with A. niger
90% with community of A. niger and
A. fumigatus
70% with community of A. niger,
A. fumigatus,
P. funiculosum, and
F. solani
Flayyih
Hassan and
Flayyih
Hasan
AI-Jawhari
(2014)
Aspergillus niger,
A. fumigatus, Penicillium
xingjiangense,
Mucor racemosus,
Rhodotorula sp.
Polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs) degradations in
engine oil
Shake-flask culture (180 rpm),
10% (v/v) engine
oil, and 0.1%
(v/v) Tween
80, at 25
C for
28 days
A. niger (79.3%);
P. xingjiangense
(73.7%);
A. fumigatus
(71.7%) and
M. racemosus
(69.1%)
Chukwura
et al. (2016)
Trichoderma
viridae,
Varicosporium
elodeae
Crude oil (1%) 15 days, room
temperature
Trichoderma viridae
(66.2%)
Varicosporium
elodeae (40%)
Olukunle
and
Oyegoke
(2016)
(continued)
11 Microbial Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
273
Microorganism
Hydrocarbon
(initial
concentration)
Growth
conditions
Rate of degradation References
Penicillium
simplicissimum YK
n-Alkanes
C30–C40
[0.10% (w/v)]
Two branched
alkanes (pristane
and squalene) 5%
(w/v) and Plysurf
A210G 0.001%
(w/v) (dispersant)
14 days
26–51%
YamadaOnodera
et al. (2002)
Aspergillus niger
Crude oil
(C11–C30)
[1%
(v/v) ¼ 1.2 g/
100 mL]
29
C, 60 days;
flasks shaken
manually at regular intervals to
allow adequate
mixing and
homogeneity of
the contents
nC17/pristine and
nC18/Phytane ratios
decreased from the
initial value of
2.510 and 7.289 to
0.132 and 0.474
Mittal and
Singh
(2009)
Fusarium solani and
Rhodotorula glutinis
Pyrene
(40 mg/L)
27
C for
20 days, in a
rotary shaker at
140 rpm, in
darkness
F. solani 68%
R. glutinis 63%
Romero
et al. (2002)
Aspergillus
sp. RFC-1
Crude oil,
naphthalene
(NAP), phenanthrene
(PHE), and
pyrene (PYR)
(20 mg L)
30
C and
120 rpm, 7 days
Crude oil ¼ 60.3%
NAP ¼ 97.4%
PHE ¼ 84.9%
PYR ¼ 90.7%
Al-Hawash
et al.
(2018b)
A. niger,
A. fumigatus
Fusarium sp.,
P. funiculosum
Crude oil on
agar plates
[2% (w/w)]
25
C
28 days
95% with A. niger
90% with community of A. niger and
A. fumigatus
70% with community of A. niger,
A. fumigatus,
P. funiculosum, and
F. solani
Flayyih
Hassan and
Flayyih
Hasan
AI-Jawhari
(2014)
Aspergillus niger,
A. fumigatus, Penicillium
xingjiangense,
Mucor racemosus,
Rhodotorula sp.
Polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs) degradations in
engine oil
Shake-flask culture (180 rpm),
10% (v/v) engine
oil, and 0.1%
(v/v) Tween
80, at 25
C for
28 days
A. niger (79.3%);
P. xingjiangense
(73.7%);
A. fumigatus
(71.7%) and
M. racemosus
(69.1%)
Chukwura
et al. (2016)
Trichoderma
viridae,
Varicosporium
elodeae
Crude oil (1%) 15 days, room
temperature
Trichoderma viridae
(66.2%)
Varicosporium
elodeae (40%)
Olukunle
and
Oyegoke
(2016)
(continued)
11 Microbial Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
273