microorganisms that thrive on the decomposition of those toxic compounds. Usage
of microorganisms for cleanup efforts, referred to as bioremediation, has been shown
to be a successful method for the cleanup of marine regions suffering from oil spills
(Coulon et al. 2006). Bioremediation strategies are currently receiving favorable
exposure as low-cost and promising environmentally friendly technologies for the
remediation of crude oil hydrocarbons without difficulty. Biodegradation of crude
oil and derived aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments has been reported (Jones
et al. 2008). The maximum fast and complete degradation of general organic
pollution is introduced under cardiac conditions and the biodegradation system is
mediated by unique enzyme structures (Das and Chandran 2011). Extracellular and
intracellular assault of organic pollution by microbes through oxidation is catalyzed
by peroxidases and oxygenases. The cleanup of toxic natural compounds through
numerous microorganisms and fungi takes place through oxidative coupling mediated via oxidoreductases together with peroxidases (Karigar and Rao 2011).
Microbes derive power via power-yielding biochemical reactions mediated by
these enzymes to cleave chemical bonds and help transfer of electrons from a
reduced natural substrate (donor) to some other chemical compound (acceptor).
For this reason, it is essential to analyze the function and organization of enzymes
for crude oil biodegradation. Actinobacteria have several characteristics that are vital
for surviving in extreme situations, including dry environments and nutrient lack,
and produce biosurfactants that boost contaminant bioavailability and facilitate the
manner of biodegradation (Beilen and Funhoff 2005): these promote the prevalence
of Actinobacteria in pristine and hydrocarbon-polluted soil (Quatrini et al. 2008).
Consequently, it is important to observe crude oil biodegradation of actinobacterial
isolates, particularly from oil-contaminated sites (Table 10.4).
10.3 Conclusion
Bioremediation is the main natural mechanism that can cleanse petroleum and oil
pollutants from the environment. This process uses microscopic organisms such as
bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes that live in soil and consume oil or
hydrocarbons. A number of factors influencing degradation have been identified to
reduce the toxicity of oil contamination in the environment by removing, degrading,
or transforming contaminants. Therefore, successful bioremediation treatment
requires understanding of those factors.
References
Abou-Shanab RA, Eraky M, Haddad AM, Abdel-Gaffar ARB, Salem AM (2016) Characterization
of crude oil degrading bacteria isolated from contaminated soils surrounding gas stations. Bull
Environ Contam Toxicol 97(5):684–688
256
M. Shakya et al.
of microorganisms for cleanup efforts, referred to as bioremediation, has been shown
to be a successful method for the cleanup of marine regions suffering from oil spills
(Coulon et al. 2006). Bioremediation strategies are currently receiving favorable
exposure as low-cost and promising environmentally friendly technologies for the
remediation of crude oil hydrocarbons without difficulty. Biodegradation of crude
oil and derived aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments has been reported (Jones
et al. 2008). The maximum fast and complete degradation of general organic
pollution is introduced under cardiac conditions and the biodegradation system is
mediated by unique enzyme structures (Das and Chandran 2011). Extracellular and
intracellular assault of organic pollution by microbes through oxidation is catalyzed
by peroxidases and oxygenases. The cleanup of toxic natural compounds through
numerous microorganisms and fungi takes place through oxidative coupling mediated via oxidoreductases together with peroxidases (Karigar and Rao 2011).
Microbes derive power via power-yielding biochemical reactions mediated by
these enzymes to cleave chemical bonds and help transfer of electrons from a
reduced natural substrate (donor) to some other chemical compound (acceptor).
For this reason, it is essential to analyze the function and organization of enzymes
for crude oil biodegradation. Actinobacteria have several characteristics that are vital
for surviving in extreme situations, including dry environments and nutrient lack,
and produce biosurfactants that boost contaminant bioavailability and facilitate the
manner of biodegradation (Beilen and Funhoff 2005): these promote the prevalence
of Actinobacteria in pristine and hydrocarbon-polluted soil (Quatrini et al. 2008).
Consequently, it is important to observe crude oil biodegradation of actinobacterial
isolates, particularly from oil-contaminated sites (Table 10.4).
10.3 Conclusion
Bioremediation is the main natural mechanism that can cleanse petroleum and oil
pollutants from the environment. This process uses microscopic organisms such as
bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes that live in soil and consume oil or
hydrocarbons. A number of factors influencing degradation have been identified to
reduce the toxicity of oil contamination in the environment by removing, degrading,
or transforming contaminants. Therefore, successful bioremediation treatment
requires understanding of those factors.
References
Abou-Shanab RA, Eraky M, Haddad AM, Abdel-Gaffar ARB, Salem AM (2016) Characterization
of crude oil degrading bacteria isolated from contaminated soils surrounding gas stations. Bull
Environ Contam Toxicol 97(5):684–688
256
M. Shakya et al.