especially heavy metal pollution. That Pseudomonas spp. is well utilized as a
bioremediation tool for heavy metal clean-up. The results of the biological controlled
experiment as compared to the control, showed a greasy thick film layer structure
which indicated the degradation of lead and zinc by the mass of Pseudomonas
biofilms strains. The results from the antbiogram indicated that the biofilms of
Pseudomonas were resistant to antibiotics and were significant at P < 0.05;
r ¼ 0.73 and more correlated with each other like the metal resistant, which were
not significant at P > 0.05; 0.31. The findings from their study revealed that biofilms
have the latency to undergo environmental stress and as well able to retain a positive
ecological niche even with an upsurge of the heavy metal contents in the biological
media. Astonishingly, in the growth phase of the biofilm, the stationary phase was
more resilient to the heavy metal impact than the log phase. The authors also noticed
that there was no real evidence that connects heavy metal resilient in the biofilms
based on the data analysis carried on it.
Meliani and Bensoltane (2014) tested and evaluated the potential of augmentation
of Pseudomonas biofilms and biosorption strains (P. aeruginosa, P. putida and
P. fluorescens) on hydrocarbon degradation. The authors recounted the importance
of biofilm and biosorption degrading Pseudomonas with the combination of planktonic microbes as special alternative tool for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons
blends (cyclohexane, benzene, xylene, and gasoline) as well as their resistance to
environmental stress. The results of the evaluation of the production of siderosphore
biofilm development showed that all the strains were able to manufacture
biosurfactant mixtures that enable them to tolerate the aromatic compounds (xylene
and benzene) treated with it. Their results in the degradation of gasoline indicated
that P. aeruginosa was able to show high resilient to gasoline unlike cyclohexane
and benzene. While P. fluorescens was able to degrade benzene and xylene unlike
P. putida that was unable to germinate under the presence of benzene. In all the
assessment of biodegradation of hydrocarbon blends by strains of Pseudomonas,
there was no significant difference as well as positive correlation between the strains
and the environmental stressors at P > 0.01; r ¼ À0.94. However, an undeviating
negative correlation was observed between the cell hydrophobicity and the E24 at
r ¼ À86 and r ¼ À93, respectively. The authors in conclusion underscore the
importance of the utilization of Pseudomonas biofilm strains in the biodegradation
of environmental concerned pollutants.
Mangwani et al. (2016) did a review on the conformity in bioremediation using
microbial biofilms. The authors stated that eco-restoration is a prerogative of the
management of polluted environment. The conventional methods are too expensive
in combating pollution, apart from that, they do not do a total cleanup of
the contaminant. Residues are still left in the source regions of contamination. The
utilization of microbial biofilms is in the increase—a bioremediation tool for the
probable cleaning of toxins in the environment. Biofilms microbes provide an
environmentally sustainable green ecological niche (microenvironment) for an
effective bioremediation process. This is because these native microbes are highly
resistant to ecological stress and cost-effective. Conglomeration of biofilms in an
ecosystem offers a platform for many water-hating noxious compounds. However,
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
233
bioremediation tool for heavy metal clean-up. The results of the biological controlled
experiment as compared to the control, showed a greasy thick film layer structure
which indicated the degradation of lead and zinc by the mass of Pseudomonas
biofilms strains. The results from the antbiogram indicated that the biofilms of
Pseudomonas were resistant to antibiotics and were significant at P < 0.05;
r ¼ 0.73 and more correlated with each other like the metal resistant, which were
not significant at P > 0.05; 0.31. The findings from their study revealed that biofilms
have the latency to undergo environmental stress and as well able to retain a positive
ecological niche even with an upsurge of the heavy metal contents in the biological
media. Astonishingly, in the growth phase of the biofilm, the stationary phase was
more resilient to the heavy metal impact than the log phase. The authors also noticed
that there was no real evidence that connects heavy metal resilient in the biofilms
based on the data analysis carried on it.
Meliani and Bensoltane (2014) tested and evaluated the potential of augmentation
of Pseudomonas biofilms and biosorption strains (P. aeruginosa, P. putida and
P. fluorescens) on hydrocarbon degradation. The authors recounted the importance
of biofilm and biosorption degrading Pseudomonas with the combination of planktonic microbes as special alternative tool for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons
blends (cyclohexane, benzene, xylene, and gasoline) as well as their resistance to
environmental stress. The results of the evaluation of the production of siderosphore
biofilm development showed that all the strains were able to manufacture
biosurfactant mixtures that enable them to tolerate the aromatic compounds (xylene
and benzene) treated with it. Their results in the degradation of gasoline indicated
that P. aeruginosa was able to show high resilient to gasoline unlike cyclohexane
and benzene. While P. fluorescens was able to degrade benzene and xylene unlike
P. putida that was unable to germinate under the presence of benzene. In all the
assessment of biodegradation of hydrocarbon blends by strains of Pseudomonas,
there was no significant difference as well as positive correlation between the strains
and the environmental stressors at P > 0.01; r ¼ À0.94. However, an undeviating
negative correlation was observed between the cell hydrophobicity and the E24 at
r ¼ À86 and r ¼ À93, respectively. The authors in conclusion underscore the
importance of the utilization of Pseudomonas biofilm strains in the biodegradation
of environmental concerned pollutants.
Mangwani et al. (2016) did a review on the conformity in bioremediation using
microbial biofilms. The authors stated that eco-restoration is a prerogative of the
management of polluted environment. The conventional methods are too expensive
in combating pollution, apart from that, they do not do a total cleanup of
the contaminant. Residues are still left in the source regions of contamination. The
utilization of microbial biofilms is in the increase—a bioremediation tool for the
probable cleaning of toxins in the environment. Biofilms microbes provide an
environmentally sustainable green ecological niche (microenvironment) for an
effective bioremediation process. This is because these native microbes are highly
resistant to ecological stress and cost-effective. Conglomeration of biofilms in an
ecosystem offers a platform for many water-hating noxious compounds. However,
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
233