been shown to degrade toxins in the ecosystem. The utilization of microbial biofilm
metabolites will exhibit the potential in degrading xenobiotics using different pathways. The mode of interaction is based on specific enzymes found in the microbial
biofilm genes that aid in the biotransformation of the xenobiotic components The
authors in conclusion recommend bacterial biofilms as a potential biotransformation
agent of xenobiotic compounds.
Mitra et al. (2013) evaluated and tested the biotransformation of fluoranthene by
an intertidal derived biofilm bacteria (Cunninghamella elegans). The results of the
biological controlled experiment showed that the transformation of fluoranthene by
the microbe was more by 22-fold, the growth of the biofilm was more by threefold,
and the genetic expression of the cytochrome-P450 was more by 2.1-fold when
grown in 2% PMMA-CCF biofilm media as compared to the planktonic media. The
entire biological transformation was improved with 10% of sevenfold inoculum. The
total converted metabolites, biofilm and cytochrome-P450 genetic materials were
3.5-fold, 3-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively.
In general, the biofilm production was relatively more which allowed the
utilisation of fluoranthene based on the exopolysaccharides formed in the bacterial
genome which also lead to improved efficiency.
Murphy and Casey (2013) did a review of the biotransformation of
organofluorine by catalyst microbial biofilms. The authors recounted the role of
microbial biofilms in terms of its stability and resistance to xenobiotic substances.
On the basis of this, they are metabolically vigorous for a longer time. These
characteristics make biofilms very difficult in treating under clinical conditions
and, however, utilize for the catalytic bioremediation of toxicants.
Yang et al. (2011) evaluated and tested the biological transformation of arsenic
(As) and selenium (Se) by aggregation strains of biofilms. They stated that AS and
Se are elements of environmental concern when release into the ecosystem, because
of the potential ecological and health risks importance. Communities of microorganisms or biofilms can use as to transform these toxic metals to less noxious forms
such as arsenite and selenite. The results of their study indicated a biotransformation
of As to arsenite and selenium to selenite at the K region of XAS (X-ray absorption
spectroscopy). An MXF (micro X-ray fluorescence) united with a confocal laser
scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed a highly restricted region of condensed Se
strain microbial biofilm. The findings from their study showed that the microbial
biofilm was able to sequester as well as detoxify As and Se. In conclusion, the impact
and fate of As and Se in an aquatic environment can be determined by the role of
microbial biofilms.
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
231
metabolites will exhibit the potential in degrading xenobiotics using different pathways. The mode of interaction is based on specific enzymes found in the microbial
biofilm genes that aid in the biotransformation of the xenobiotic components The
authors in conclusion recommend bacterial biofilms as a potential biotransformation
agent of xenobiotic compounds.
Mitra et al. (2013) evaluated and tested the biotransformation of fluoranthene by
an intertidal derived biofilm bacteria (Cunninghamella elegans). The results of the
biological controlled experiment showed that the transformation of fluoranthene by
the microbe was more by 22-fold, the growth of the biofilm was more by threefold,
and the genetic expression of the cytochrome-P450 was more by 2.1-fold when
grown in 2% PMMA-CCF biofilm media as compared to the planktonic media. The
entire biological transformation was improved with 10% of sevenfold inoculum. The
total converted metabolites, biofilm and cytochrome-P450 genetic materials were
3.5-fold, 3-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively.
In general, the biofilm production was relatively more which allowed the
utilisation of fluoranthene based on the exopolysaccharides formed in the bacterial
genome which also lead to improved efficiency.
Murphy and Casey (2013) did a review of the biotransformation of
organofluorine by catalyst microbial biofilms. The authors recounted the role of
microbial biofilms in terms of its stability and resistance to xenobiotic substances.
On the basis of this, they are metabolically vigorous for a longer time. These
characteristics make biofilms very difficult in treating under clinical conditions
and, however, utilize for the catalytic bioremediation of toxicants.
Yang et al. (2011) evaluated and tested the biological transformation of arsenic
(As) and selenium (Se) by aggregation strains of biofilms. They stated that AS and
Se are elements of environmental concern when release into the ecosystem, because
of the potential ecological and health risks importance. Communities of microorganisms or biofilms can use as to transform these toxic metals to less noxious forms
such as arsenite and selenite. The results of their study indicated a biotransformation
of As to arsenite and selenium to selenite at the K region of XAS (X-ray absorption
spectroscopy). An MXF (micro X-ray fluorescence) united with a confocal laser
scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed a highly restricted region of condensed Se
strain microbial biofilm. The findings from their study showed that the microbial
biofilm was able to sequester as well as detoxify As and Se. In conclusion, the impact
and fate of As and Se in an aquatic environment can be determined by the role of
microbial biofilms.
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
231